Purpose: The scope of interactive information processed and exchanged through cyberspace has grown exponentially. Therefore, there is a need to develop cybersecurity that protects this space against both internal and external threats, as well as to work out an appropriate reporting system on the cybersecurity model operating in the company. The aim of the paper is to identify and assess the disclosures on cybersecurity and cyber risk in the integrated and management reports of selected companies listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Methodology: The study focused on the integrated and management reports of 17 selected companies identified as operators of so-called key services. The representative sample was chosen through purposive sampling. This process was preceded by a preliminary analysis of companies listed in the WIG 30 Index, drawing on the number of integrated reports prepared by the operators of key services. The research involved an analysis of the literature and legal regulations, as well as the structure and scope of information on cybersecurity reported by the surveyed companies, along with the deductive method. The results of the analysis showed that only some companies present information on existing cyber risks and cybersecurity, while information is scattered in different parts of the business reports and non-comparable due to the lack of a unified data structure. It was noted that the reports do not contain detailed information on the activities in the field of cybersecurity, which makes it impossible to perform a multifaceted and multisectoral assessment of the results reported by the entities. Originality: The paper builds on and thus complements the scientific achievements in the field of non-financial reporting, including the business model, by identifying the shortcomings related to reporting on how to protect companies against the risk related to cyber threats in the reports to date. The study also confirms the need to improve the content of business reports with quantitative and qualitative information in this regard
Background: Socio-economic changes prompt companies to disclose their sustainable development activities in the reporting, showing that they balance three capitals—economic, environmental, and social. On the other hand, while formulating strategies and goals, they consider the company’s widely understood environment, where its stakeholders are essential. As a result, the transparency and usefulness of the reported information are limited. Methods: The study employed financial statements’ content analysis and a statistical method (rank Spearman correlation, Shapiro–Wilk test). The percentage of change in critical areas for reporting transparency on financial assets was analyzed, before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Results: The research indicated that the identified critical reporting areas concerning financial assets showed a greater value change during the pandemic. Correlations between the accounting value of the company and the same critical reporting areas were significant. Conclusion: It has been shown that larger companies can use more accounting policy instruments; therefore, the reporting transparency on financial assets is potentially lower for these companies. The transparency of the surveyed corporate reports during the pandemic was lower.
Traditional financial reporting primarily discloses information about assets, equity, liabilities and financial situation of an enterprise. Simultaneously, socio-economic changes are prompting enterprises to implement business reporting towards disclosing activities for sustainable development and information about the business model in non-financial reporting. Shaping of an enterprise’s business model is carried out in the spirit of sustainable development, which is beginning to dominate the strategies of many large enterprises. At the same time, the concept of the business model and its reporting have still not been characterized in detail or standardized, which limits transparency and the usefulness of information. These phenomena provided an incentive to undertake the research on the business model reporting. The overall goal of this study is to expand research on disclosures about the business model in the corporate reporting of Polish listed companies, as well as to indicate the degree and directions of development of this subject against the background of the accounting system. The study also addresses the epistemological goal by entering the discussion on reporting about the business model. The research uses the financial statement content analysis method and the statistical method (Spearman’s correlation). The scope of disclosures about the business model are examined in integrated reports, consolidated reports, management reports, non-financial data reports and CSR reports of Polish companies listed on the stock market. This information is examined according to its four main components: inputs, business activities, outputs and outcomes. The correlation between the number of audited disclosures and selected economic and similar parameters characterizing enterprises (total assets, performance, board, EBITda, equity and liabilities) is also studied. The research reveals that entities preparing an integrated report demonstrate a greater number of disclosures of business model components in selected economic categories than entities that do not prepare such a report. Thus, the companies preparing an integrated report follow the mainstream of stakeholder theory, opting for a more descriptive reporting approach, accessible to a wider group of users. Moreover, business model information is often reported in a highly random manner. Simultaneously, descriptive forms of business model disclosure prevail over numerical ones, although not to a large degree. The findings also confirm that there is a positive correlation between the detail of disclosures about the business model and selected economic parameters of an enterprise (the strongest with total assets, board and EBITda). Thus, it becomes possible to recognize that large enterprises with a strong and stable structure of assets follow specific, more detailed reporting patterns aimed at sustainable development of reporting. At the same time, they are more likely to expand the scope of disclosures compared to smaller enterprises. This investigation responds to the interest of enterprises and other stakeholders in the reporting spectrum by increasing market information efficiency and transparency. Findings can also be used by standards setters, while providing new rules and regulations.
Opracowanie przedstawia wnioski (wnioskowanie dedukcyjne i indukcyjne) z oceny formy i zakresu informacji niefinansowych prezentowanych przez przedsiębiorstwa branży energetycznej. Przeprowadzona analiza stanowi także próbę oceny poszczególnych obszarów raportowanych danych niefinansowych w kontekście podstawowych cech jakościowych sprawozdania finansowego. Obiektem badań są sprawozdania czterech największych spółek energetycznych w Polsce: PGE, Enei, Energi i Tauronu. Artykuł jest oparty na studiach polskich i zagranicznych artykułów, aktów prawnych oraz weryfikacji zawartości wybranych raportów zarządczych sporządzonych przez przedsiębiorstwa branży energetycznej. Prezentowane przez przedsiębiorstwa branży energetycznej informacje niefinansowe wpływają na wybrane cechy jakościowe sprawozdania z działalności, takie jak: użyteczność, przydatność, przejrzystość, czytelność, spójność, terminowość, porównywalność, wiarygodność.
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