SUMMARYDifferent species of the genus Monilinia are common plant pathogens that endanger pome and stone fruit production worldwide. In Serbia, two species of this genus are widely distributed -M. laxa and M. fructigena, while M. fructicola, which is officially on the A2 EPPO List of quarantine pest organisms in Europe and on the 1A part I List of quarantine pest organisms in Serbia, has so far been detected only on stored apple and nectarine fruits. The most important control measures against these pathogens include chemical control in combination with adequate cultural practices, particularly under favourable conditions for disease development. Concerning that species of this genus can cause significant economic losses, knowledge of the pathogen biology, disease epidemiology and pathogen-host interactions is a necessary prerequisite for stable and profitable production of pome and stone fruits.
Brown rot is one of the most important pre- and postharvest fungal diseases of stone fruit worldwide. In Serbia, where production of stone fruit is economically important, Monilinia laxa and M. fructigena are widely distributed. In surveys from 2011 to 2013, 288 isolates of Monilinia spp. were collected from 131 localities in 16 districts and from six hosts in Serbia. Using multiplex polymerase chain reaction, phylogenetic analysis, and morphological characterization, three species of Monilinia were identified as the causal agents of brown rot of stone fruit: M. laxa (89% of isolates), M. fructigena (3%), and M. fructicola (8%). In 2011, M. fructicola was reported for the first time on stone fruit in Serbia, with only one isolate detected. More isolates of M. fructicola were detected in 2012 (2 isolates) and 2013 (20 isolates). The presence of M. fructicola, as well as its increased frequency of detection during the survey, may indicate a change in the population structure of these pathogens, which could have an important impact on brown rot disease management in Serbia.
SuMMARyViruses are responsible for numerous epidemics in different crops in all parts of the world. As a consequence of their presence great economic losses are being incurred. In addition to the development of sensitive techniques for detection, identification and characterization of viruses, substantial attention has also been paid to biotechnological methods for their elimination from plants. In this review article, the following biotechnological in vitro culture techniques for virus elimination from ornamental plants are presented: meristem culture, thermotherapy, chemotherapy, cryotherapy or a combination of these methods. The plant species, as well as the type of virus determine the choice of a most suitable method. The state of the art in investigation of virus elimination from Impatiens sp. in Serbia is summarized.
Cucurbit species grown in the Vojvodina Province, Serbia, were surveyed for the incidence of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Squash mosaic virus (SqMV), Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) from 2007 to 2009. Samples from more than 700 pumpkin, squash and bottle gourd plants with virus-like symptoms were analyzed by double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA. ZYMV, WMV and CMV were detected in 79.2, 32.2, and 12.8% of tested samples, respectively. WMV was prevalent in 2007 and ZYMV in 2008-09. Mixed infections were the most frequent type in 2007-08 in contrast to 2009 when single infection of ZYMV prevailed.ZYMV was the most widespread being found in 33 out of 39 inspected fields. Virus species identification was confirmed in selected samples by conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing of their coat protein genes. By comparing the obtained virus isolate sequences with those available in GenBank, the identification of serologically detected viruses was confirmed. Phylogenetic analysis based on complete coat protein (CP) sequences highlighted that Serbian ZYMV isolates were closely related to other Central European ZYMV isolates. Finally, additional testing of ELISA-negative samples by RT-PCR using primers specific to six other mosaic viruses revealed the presence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in winter (Cucurbita maxima) and summer (C. pepo 'Beogradska') squash. This is the first report of TSWV natural occurrence on cucurbits in Serbia and on winter squash worldwide.
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