Introduction Although pharmacogenetic tests provide the information on a genotype and the predicted phenotype, these tests themselves do not provide the interpretation of data for a physician. There are currently approximately two dozen pharmacogenomic clinical decision support systems used in psychiatry. Implementation of clinical decision support systems capable of forming recommendations on drug and dose selection according to the results of pharmacogenetic testing is an urgent task. Fulfillment of this task may allow increasing the efficacy of therapy and decreasing the risk of undesirable side effects. Materials and methods The study included 51 male patients (21 in the main group and 30 in the control group) with alcohol withdrawal syndrome. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of therapy, several international psychometric scales and rating scales to measure side effects were used. Genotyping was performed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction with allele‐specific hybridization. Pharmacogenetic test results were interpreted using free software PGX2 (http://www.pgx2.com). Results Statistically significant differences between the scores derived from all psychometric scales were revealed. For instance, the total score on CIWA‐Ar scale by day 3 was 13.5 [11.2; 16.0] for the main group and 18.0 [17.0; 22.0] (p < 0.001) for the control group; by day 5, it was 6.5 [4.2; 8.0] for the main group and 15.0 [14.0; 16.0] (p < 0.001) for the control group. The UKU side effect rating scale (UKU) also revealed a statistically significant difference. The total score on UKU scale by day 3 was 6.0 [5.0; 7.0] for the main group and 7.0 [6.0; 8.0] (p < 0.001) for the control group; by day 5, this difference grew significantly: 5.5 [3.0; 9.0] for the main group and 14.0 [12.0; 19.0] (p < 0.001) for the control group. The groups were representative (there was no difference between the scores at the inclusion of patients). Conclusion Pharmacogenetic‐guided personalization of drug dose in patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome can reduce the risk of undesirable side effects and pharmacoresistance. It allows recommending the use of pharmacogenomic clinical decision support systems for optimizing drug dosage.
Ricardo's theory of comparative advantages is considered to be the only classical theory of foreign trade. In terms of Marx's six books, "Foreign Trade" was supposed to be the fifth book. But the logic of the model – from the abstract to the concrete – allows us to detect elements of the theory of foreign trade in the published volumes of Capital. In volume I, a provision is put forward according to which countries exporting high-tech goods increase national value wealth.Volume III examines at the national level the law of the average rate of profit, which is carried out by redistributing the value created in labor-intensive industries in favor of capital–intensive industries through prices: prices for labor–intensive goods decrease, and prices for capital–intensive ones increase.The law of the average rate of profit operates at the international level. The wealth of nonindustrial countries is redistributed in favor of industrial ones. The reconstructed theory of Marx explains «How rich countries got rich... and why poor countries stay poor» (E. Reinert).
В статье дается теоретическое обоснование кризиса как феномена (проявления) перенакопления капитала. Процесс перенакопления в предкризисный период проявляется в особой динамике связки показателей — росте инвестиций, росте занятости/сокращении безработицы, росте заработной платы. Выход из кризиса и восстановление значений общей нормы прибыли сопровождаются обесценением перенакопленного капитала, сокращением инвестиций, ростом безработицы и падением заработной платы. Вводится показатель макроэкономической нормы прибыли, который является экзотерической оценкой общей нормы прибыли Маркса. Представлен расчет макроэкономической нормы прибыли для экономики США за период 1929–2018 гг. и экономики России за период 1995–2018 гг. Показано, что теория кризиса подтверждается статистикой мировых экономических кризисов трех последних десятилетий, статистикой США 1929–1970 гг., статистикой России.
What use is neoclassical mainstream? Criticism of mainstream practical applicability by heterodoxies is not weakening. But the mainstream is heterogeneous, it includes orthodox neoclassical mainstream (Walras, Keynes, Friedman), the subject — “the wealth of nations”, the method — a mathematically descriptive method without explanations and the Marshallian version — with the same subject and method, but with explanations from the standpoint of individual behavior. The regularities of the objective neoclassical mainstream (demand curve, equality of savings to investments, etc.) are irrefutable, but its practical applicability is limited by the descriptive method. The potential of the mainstream can be revealed if it is re-incorporated into the classical two–factor model “nature-form” (nature according to Smith — “purchasing power”, according to Marx — “value”; form — good, use value), in which the descriptive method is supplemented by an explicative one. This is a classic model at a new level, consistent with genomics (the product is not an “economic cell”, but an “economic DNA molecule”). The model differs from the heterodox “Marxist political economy” in subject matter and method. This is the “new orthodoxy” which can be called “applied political economy”, since it includes analysis, forecasting and application in business practice.
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