В статье рассматривается бегство различных национальных групп с территории Черкесии в период с 1792 по 1799 г. Выявляются причины, побудившие некоторых представителей местного населения к бегству, а также обстоятельства пленения неместного населения и сроки их пребывания в плену или рабстве. Уделено внимание изучению гендерного состава беглецов, а также их распределению по сословиям. Также в работе Александр Арвелодович Черкасов -д-р ист. наук, доц., член Американского исторического общества (Вашингтон, США), заведующий совместной лабораторией Международного сетевого центра фундаментальных и прикладных исследований (Вашингтон, США) и Волгоградского государственного университета, Российская Федерация, 400062, Волгоград, Университетский пр., 100;
This article examines the historical and demographic aspects of the development of the Abkhazian and Mingrelian principalities within the Russian Empire. The attention is drawn to the territorial disputes among rulers over the ownership of Samurzakan. The sources used for this study include documents from the State archives of Krasnodar Krai (Krasnodar, Russian Federation), the Central state historical archive of Georgia (Tbilisi, Georgia), statistical data of the 1800s-1860s on Abkhazia, Mingrelia and Samurzakan, as well as memoirs and diaries of travelers. The authors came to the following conclusions: 1) the uprising of Shikh Mansur in 1785 led to the adoption of new religious rules among the population of Circassia and Abkhazia. As a result, Islam began to spread in Abkhazia. At the time, Islam did not, however, reach Samurzakan and Mingrelia. Both territories remained Christian; 2) as soon as the Abkhazian and Mingrelian principalities were annexed to the Russian Empire, the ruling princes started greatly overestimating the local population rates. They believed that there were on average at least 9-10 people per household on the territories they ruled. In reality, there were 4,7 people per household in Abkhazia and about 7 in Mingrelia; 3) the beginning of the process of decentralization, which was characteristic of the Circassian tribes, can be illustrated Aleksandr A. Cherkasov-Doctor in History, Associate Professor, Member of the American Historical Association (Washington, United States), head of the
The article discusses the heavy and special weapons of the Russian army during the Caucasian war across the territory of Black Sea coastline. By heavy equipment is meant all kinds of artillery systems which were used in the fortresses at that time. The particular importance is given to the special weapons, which include the minefields (mines and fougasses). It is proved that the mines on the galvanic elements were used not only in the navy but also for the needs of the ground forces. The authors came to the conclusion that the technical superiority of the Russian army became one of the main reasons for defeat of the highlanders in the war.Keywords: heavy and special weapons, the Caucasian war, the Black Sea coastline, artillery, fougasses and mines. Введение В любой войне важное значение имеет технический перевес. Кто лучше вооружен, кто использует эффективные новации -за тем и остается поле боя. В условиях Кавказской войны русская администрация использовала и то, и другое для обеспечения успокоения Кавказа.От разведчиков, эмиссаров и путешественников было известно, что черкесское Причерноморье -регион весьма не стабильный. Населяющие его племена, в значительной степени, склонны к разбою, чем серьезно осложняют жизнь соседям. Путешественник-натуралист Фредерик Дюбуа де Монперэ писал, что горцы «постоянно бьются с татарами, которые окружают их со всех сторон. Иногда они переходят Босфор по люду, чтобы грабить
The article discusses the system of public education on the territory of the Black Sea province in 1896–1917. In this part the authors consider the period of 1896–1908, that is, from the moment the province was formed to the start of preparatory measures for the introduction of universal primary education in Russia. The main sources for the preparation of the work were the annual “Reports on the state of educational institutions in the Caucasian educational district” which presented data on schools under the Ministry of Public Education and the All-Subordinate reports of the Ober-Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, which reflected the information on parish schools. In conclusion, the authors state that public education on the territory of the Black Sea province in the period from 1896 to 1908 had its own extensive system and included secondary, lower and primary educational institutions. For the specified time, the number of students increased by more than 6,5 times, and the number of educational institutions — by 4 times. Despite a more than twofold increase in the population of the province from 1896 to 1908, the number of schools per 1 thousand inhabitants increased (0,5 schools per 1 thousand inhabitants in 1896, and 1 school per 1 thousand inhabitants in 1908). Along with the rise in the number of schools, the library funds of educational institutions increased, as well as other areas of school activity, for example, in the field of adult education.
Авторское резюмеВ статье рассматриваются потери русской армии на территории Закавказья в период Русско-турецкой войны 1828-1829 гг. Уделено внимание театру военных действий, а также противоэпидемиологической ситуации в регионе. Важными материалами при подготовке статьи стали архивные документы Центрального государственного исторического архива Грузии и статистические данные о потерях из других источников. Были использованы мемуары участников конфликта, а также научные труды по теме исследования, опубликованные в новейшее время. Авторы отмечают, что Кавказский отдельный корпус генерала Паскевича, имевший в своем составе 16 883 военнослужащих, в период Русско-турецкой войны 1828-1829 гг. потерял
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