The virtual fields method is an approach to inversely identify material parameters using full-field deformation data. In this manuscript, a new set of automaticallydefined virtual fields for non-linear constitutive models has been proposed. These new sensitivity-based virtual fields reduce the influence of noise on the parameter identification. The sensitivity-based virtual fields were applied to a numerical example involving small strain plasticity; however, the general formulation derived for these virtual fields is applicable to any non-linear constitutive model. To quantify the improvement offered by these new virtual fields, they were compared with stiffness-based and manually defined virtual fields. The proposed sensitivity-based virtual fields were consistently able to identify plastic model parameters and outperform the stiffness-based and manually defined virtual fields when the data was corrupted by noise.Keywords Virtual fields method · Sensitivity-based virtual fields · Inverse identification · Full field measurement · Elasto-plastic · Digital image correlation Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

The virtual fields method is an approach to inversely identify material parameters using full-field deformation data. In this work, we extend the sensitivity-based virtual fields to large deformation anisotropic plasticity. The method is firstly generalized to the finite deformation framework and then tested on numerical data obtained from a finite element model of a deep-notched specimen subjected to a tensile loading. We demonstrated the feasibility of the method for two anisotropic plasticity models: Hill48 and Yld2000-2D, and showed that all the parameters could be characterise from such a test. The sensitivity-based virtual fields performed better than the currently accepted standard approach of user-defined ones in terms of accuracy and robustness. The main advantage of the sensitivity-based virtual fields comes from the automation of virtual fields generation. The process can be applied to any geometry and any constitutive law. Keywords The virtual fields method • Anisotropic plasticity • Sensitivity-based virtual fields • Material testing • Full-field measurements

This article focuses on the derivation of simplified predictive models for the identification of the overall compressive stiffness and strength of corrugated cardboards. As a representative example an unsymmetrical 5-ply sample (with E and B flute) was used in this study. In order to exclude unreliable displacement measurement in the standard edge crush test, virtual strain gauges were used. Video extensometry was employed to collect measurements from the outer surfaces of the sample on both sides. Additional data allowed real force-displacement curves to be obtained, which were used in the validation procedure. To emulate the experimental results, besides a simple analytical model, a 3D numerical model fully reflecting the geometry of the corrugated board, based on the finite elements method was also built. In both cases good agreement between the experimental results and the analytical and numerical calculations was observed. This proved that the proposed analytical model can be successfully used to determine the overall stiffness and compressive strength of corrugated board, provided that the geometry and properties of all the layers of the board are known. The simple model presented in this work enables quick and reliable design and prototyping of new assemblies without the need to manufacture them.

The Virtual Fields Method (VFM) is a well established inverse technique used to identify the constitutive parameters of material models using heterogeneous full-field strain data. When VFM is employed to retrieve the coefficients of advanced plasticity models, including non linear hardening and anisotropy, however, the procedure may become computationally intensive.

The standard edge crush test (ECT) allows the determination of the crushing strength of the corrugated cardboard. Unfortunately, this test cannot be used to estimate the compressive stiffness, which is an equally important parameter. This is because any attempt to determine this parameter using current lab equipment quickly ends in a fiasco. The biggest obstacle is obtaining a reliable measurement of displacements and strains in the corrugated cardboard sample. In this paper, we present a method that not only allows for the reliable identification of the stiffness in the loaded direction of orthotropy in the corrugated board sample, but also the full orthotropic material stiffness matrix. The proposed method uses two samples: (a) traditional, cut crosswise to the wave direction of the corrugated core, and (b) cut at an angle of 45°. Additionally, in both cases, an optical system with digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure the displacements and strains on the outer surfaces of samples. The use of a non-contact measuring system allowed us to avoid using the measurement of displacements from the crosshead, which is burdened with a large error. Apart from the new experimental configuration, the article also proposes a simple algorithm to quickly characterize all sought stiffness parameters. The obtained results are finally compared with the results obtained in the homogenization procedure of the cross-section of the corrugated board. The results were consistent in both cases.