Introduction. Early Childhood Caries (ECC), one of the most prevalent chronic diseases among children, is still a severe problem worldwide. It is an infectious disease of mineralized tooth tissue that can affect general health. Objective. The aim of thisstudy is to summarize evidence--based knowledge on the etiology, prevalence, clinical manifestation and management of ECC, as well as its consequences for proper development. Materials and method. The research included the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Only articles published in 2013 and later were reviewed. Brief description of the state of knowledge. The prevalence of ECC among countries is highly inhomogeneous. It is reported that in some countries more than a half of children suffer from ECC. Furthermore, ECC can vary in severity and is classified into 3 types: type 1 (mild to moderate), type 2 (moderate to severe), type 3 (severe). The most common risk factors include beverages containing sugar, large amounts and high frequency of sugar consumption along with the lack of proper oral hygiene. Studies have shown that social background can also strongly affect the probability of ECC occurrence. Depending on severity, ECC can lead to various consequences that have been divided into short-and long--term. ECC can even cause developmental problems. Summary. ECC is an entirely preventable disease. It appears that the awareness of gynaecologists and paediatricians may be one of the crucial factors. These specialists are the first doctors that have contact with the mother and her infant, thanks to chich they can convey knowledge about ECC before it appears. On the other hand, the final effect depends on parent's behaviour and willingness to apply the guidelines.
Introduction:The pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is one of the complex -forms of congenital pituitary insufficiency. Symptoms resulting from insufficiency of the pituitary gland, in spite of the inborn character of the disease, may appear at various stages of life. The aim of this paper was to present clinical presentation in 31 patients with PSIS confirmed radiologically. Results: In the whole study population during first examination 25.8% children were diagnosed with combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). During the endocrinological observation (median follow-up 5.1 years, range 0.513.2) of the above-mentioned group 74.2% subjects were diagnosed with CPHD, while 25.8% patients with isolated growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Two children with initially short stature were confirmed with GHD. As a result of the parents' decision, growth hormone therapy was either not started or discontinued. During further follow-up, however, the children achieved normal height. Conclusions: Children with PSIS present a diverse clinical picture and should be observed because of the risk of further pituitary disorders. In the differential diagnosis of hypoglycemia in the neonatal period and in infancy, hypopituitarism should be considered. The phenomenon of normal growth in patients with confirmed growth hormone deficiency has been observed, although is not fully understood.
The impact of alcohol on human health is widely known. There is a large body of research about positive (the “French paradox”) and negative effects of alcohol consumption. The relationship between excessive alcohol consumption and cardiac arrhythmias was first described in the 1970s in people who consumed alcohol heavily, mainly on weekends or holidays, but also in those who drank little or did not consume any alcohol. The term “holiday heart syndrome” was used for the first time by Philip Ettinger with reference to healthy people without cardiovascular disease. Excessive alcohol consumption can cause arrhythmias, most often in the form of atrial fibrillation. Ethanol and its metabolites have a toxic impact on cardiac myocytes; moreover, alcoholic cardiomyopathy accounts for one-third of all cases of non‐ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy. It is possible to restore normal heart function through early diagnosis and cessation of alcohol consumption. The prevalence of holiday heart syndrome depends on the drinking habits of the study population. Holiday heart syndrome should be considered especially in patients without overt heart disease with a new onset of atrial fibrillation. Although relapses do occur, the clinical course is mild and specific antiarrhythmic therapy is usually not warranted. People diagnosed with cardiovascular disease benefit from minimising the amount of alcohol consumption. There is no safe amount of alcohol to drink and especially those with alcoholic cardiomyopathy should strive for abstinence in order to optimise treatment.
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