Rectal cancer: diagnosis, study and stagingRectal cancer is defi ned as a tumour located between the anal verge and 15 cm within anal verge. In rectal cancer, a precise preoperative staging allows to categorize patients for different available treatments, as well as decide the best surgical treatment. Preoperative staging is performed by several radiological techniques. Currently available procedures are endorectal ultrasound (EUS), computed tomography (CT) magnetic resonance (MRI), positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) and intraoperative ultrasound. EUS is a procedure performed by the colorrectal surgeon that allows the evaluation of the depth of tumour invasion as well as lymph node status; nevertheless its main shortcoming is the inability to assess mesorectal fascia involvement. Nowadays, MRI is the best method to assess mesorectal fascia involvement in addition to tumour invasion and lymph nodes involved. CT is a widely available procedure, and its main use is evaluation of distant metastases, with lower accuracy to assess tumour invasion and lymph node status. PET/CT is currently gaining importance, however its role in preoperative staging it's not widely accepted. IOUS allows evaluation of liver metastases during surgery, and therefore determines management and prognosis. Consequently, is necessary for surgeons to maintain an up-to-date knowledge of current methods, its advantages and limitations.
Lymphocyte infiltration and microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer patients Background: In colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, lymphocyte infiltration (LI) and microsatellite instability (MSI) have been associated with better prognosis. aim: To analyze the association between components of LI (CD3/CD4/CD8/CD45R0/FoxP3) and MSI status with metastatic stages in CRC patients. material and methods: Prospective study of 109 patients diagnosed with CRC. The expression of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45R0 and FoxP3 markers, was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis, and tumors were classified into negative, low and intense expression. The MSI was assessed with seven markers amplified by PCR from normal and tumoral DnA. Tumors were grouped in MSS (stable)/MSI-low and MSI-high. Statistical analysis was performed with Fischer's exact test. results: 29%, 28%, 12% and 86% of tumors exhibits intense expression of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and CD45RO+ lymphocytes, respectively. 84% of the tumors presented MSS/ MSI-low and 16% had MSI-high. Tumors that show a high density of T cells (CD3+, CD4+ y CD45R0+) are associated with early stage tumors (I and II) (p = 0.023; p = 0.030 and p = 0.003, respectively). Additionally, there was a significant association between the MSS/MSI-low tumors and a reduced ability to recruit CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (p = 0.037) and CD3+ (p = 0.064). conclusion: There is an association between high densities of CD3+, CD4+ and CD45RO+ lymphocytes and non-metastatic tumors. In addition, MSS/ MSI-low tumors are associated with a lower recruitment of CD8+ and CD3+ lymphocytes.
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