The objective of this article is to conduct a systematic review of the literature to contrast the existing evidence regarding the use of hydrogels during and after experimental orthodontic treatment in animals. An extensive search was performed through the electronic databases, Medline, Web of Science and Scopus, from December 2020 to April 2021 for in vivo animal studies. A total of 282 studies were reviewed. Eight studies were included for final revision; four studies were conducted in rats, two in rabbits, one study in mice and one study in guinea pigs. The quality assessment of the eight included studies was performed according to the ARRIVE guidelines and the risk of bias was assessed using the Center for Systematic Review of Laboratory Animal Experimentation tool; in four of the eight articles evaluated, a high risk-of-bias rating was obtained in 40% of the criteria evaluated. In the studies reviewed, the hydrogel acted as a carrier, and inhibition (post-treatment retention) or acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement was assessed according to the active substance used in each of the articles. The uses of hydrogels for transporting active substances to regulate the rate of orthodontic tooth movement remains debatable. Future studies are suggested to evaluate the feasibility of hydrogel as a transport method in humans.
The objective of this article was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to contrast the existing evidence regarding the relationship between periodontal disease (PD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) with the possibly increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as to establish a hypothesis that explains the ways in which this interaction could take place. A literature search up from 1 January 2020 to 21 March 2021 was conducted in three electronic databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, in order to identify studies on periodontal disease alone or in conjunction with diabetes mellitus, reporting any relation with SARS-CoV-2 infection as a primary outcome. Only articles published in the English language were included. Due to the lack of studies, we decided to collect all the theoretical and clinical evidence suggesting a possible biological pathway evidencing the relationship among PD, DM, and SARS-CoV-2 infection. From a total of 29 articles, 12 were included for final review studies (five reviews, two hypotheses, one Special Issue, one perspective, one commentary, one case–control study, and one case report). In addition, this systematic review article hypothesizes the correlation between PD and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in periodontal tissue and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. T2DM is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels resulting from altered insulin secretion or action. Likewise, periodontitis and T2DM are inflammatory disorders with a bidirectional association, and both diseases have a similar immunomodulatory cascade and cytokine profile. ACE2 is a crucial component of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and the key factor of entry in the cells by the new SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 is widely distributed in the lung and kidneys, and interestingly has a great distribution in the oral cavity, principally in the tongue and periodontal tissue. ACE2 in periodontal tissue plays a crucial role between health and disease. Moreover, the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis is downregulated in the dysbiotic and inflammatory periodontal environment. Nevertheless, the balance of ACE2 activity is modified in the context of concurrent diabetes, increasing the expression of ACE2 by the uncontrolled glycemia chronic in T2DM. Therefore, the uncontrolled hyperglycemia possibly increases the risk of developing periodontitis and triggering overexpression of ACE2 in periodontal tissue of T2DM patients, with these events potentially being essential to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of mild-to-severe form of COVID-19. In this sense, we would like to point out that the need for randomized controlled trials is imperative to support this association.
Background: Traditional dental scanners require a heavy investment, representing a high barrier of entry into digital dentistry. Photogrammetric-based scanners may represent an affordable cost-effective alternative to traditional dental scanners used for the digitalization of plaster models. Photogrammetry is the science of extracting 3D information from photographs. The process involves taking overlapping photographs of an object or space and converting them into 2D or 3D digital models. Objective: This review aimed to identify and appraise the reported accuracy of photogrammetric-generated digital dental models. Materials and methods: A search strategy was applied in 3 databases (Medline, Web of Science and Scopus), from Feb 1 2021 to Dec 1 2021, the search was limited to articles in English published in the last 5 years about studies evaluating the dimensional accuracy of 3-dimensional digital models acquired by the scanning of plaster models with photogrammetric technologies. Results: Two independent reviewers screened 75 records on basis of titles and abstracts for assessment against the inclusion criteria for the review, 4 articles were deemed eligible, the risk of bias for the selected articles was measured, data extraction was performed by only one author. Conclusion: With today’s technology, based on the four studies evaluated, we conclude that photogrammetric-generated digital models while lacking accuracy for incorporation into the treatment flow, in the future it could be used for diagnostic, planning, and achieving.
The objective of this article was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to contrast the existing evidence on the effect of mechanical vibrations, either high or low frequency, as an alternative to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement in humans. A literature search from 2010 to June 2021 was conducted in the electronic databases: PubMed, NCBI, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Cochrane, and Ovid, using the eligibility criteria to identify the studies. Only randomized clinical trials (RCT) were included. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE tool and the risk of bias (RoB) in individual studies was evaluated according to the Cochrane bias risk tool. Fifteen RTCs were included for final review. Overall, the RoB was classified as low (3), moderate (5), and high (7). Three articles with low RoB, four with moderate RoB, and four with high RoB found no significant effect in the use of vibrations on orthodontic movement. Only four articles, three of them with high RoB and one with moderate RoB, found that mechanical vibrations are effective at accelerating orthodontic tooth movement. The results seemed to indicate that there is no evidence that vibratory stimuli can increase the rate of dental movement or reduce neither the time of dental alignment nor canine retraction during orthodontic treatment. It is important to note that a greater number of high-quality randomized controlled trials are urgently needed.
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