37The analysis of the potential risks of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) has so far been almost 38 exclusively focused on the pristine, as-produced particles. However, when considering a life-39 cycle perspective, it is clear that ENM released from genuine products during manufacturing, 40 use, and disposal is far more relevant. Research on release of materials from nano-products 41 is growing and the next necessary step is to investigate the behavior and effects of these 42 released materials in the environment and on humans. Therefore, sufficient amounts of 43 released materials need to be available for further testing. In addition, ENM-free reference 44 materials are needed since many processes not only release ENM but also nano-sized 45 fragments from the ENM-containing matrix that may interfere with further tests. The SUN 46 consortium (Project on "Sustainable Nanotechnologies", EU 7 th Framework funding) uses 47 methods to characterize and quantify nanomaterials released from composite samples that 48 are exposed to environmental stressors. Here we describe an approach to provide materials 49 in hundreds of gram quantities mimicking actual released materials from coatings and 50 polymer nanocomposites by producing what is called "Fragmented Products" (FP). These FP 51can further be exposed to environmental conditions (e.g. humidity, light) to produce 52 "Weathered Fragmented Products" (WFP) or can be subjected to a further size fractionation 53 to isolate "Sieved Fragmented Products" (SFP) that are representative for inhalation studies. 54In this perspective we describe the approach, and the used methods to obtain released 55 materials in amounts large enough to be suitable for further fate and (eco)toxicity testing. 56We present a case study (nanoparticulate organic pigment in polypropylene) to show 57 exemplarily the procedures used to produce the FP. We present some characterization data 58 of the FP and discuss critically the further potential and the usefulness of the approach we 59 developed. 60 61 62 This is a post-prinnt version of Nowack et al.
The findings suggest that personality traits, treatment duration, and variations in response to treatment might have an impact on long-term treatment outcome. Clinicians should consider these factors when making treatment decisions for depressed patients.
Objective: Mexican and U.S. patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia (complete and partial syndromes) were compared on severity and types of preoccupations and rituals related to eating disorders and the motivation to change. Method: One hundred seventy-four patients who met DSM-IV criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or ED-NOS participated. Eighty-seven subjects entered treatment at the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría ''Ramó n de la Fuente'' in Mexico City and were matched with 87 patients treated at the New York Presbyterian Hospital. Patients were interviewed with the Yale-Brown-Cornell Eating Disorder Scale (YBC-EDS) (English or Spanish version). Results: All YBC-EDS scores were higher for the Mexican group, which also had a greater number of current preoccupations and rituals. U.S. and Mexican patients were quite similar in their endorsement of current preoccupations, but the Mexican group was more likely to have rituals in all checklist categories, and the rituals were more egosyntonic. More U.S. patients had received previous treatment for their eating disorder. A negative correlation was obtained between the amount of previous treatment and motivation to change the preoccupations and rituals (higher scores indicating lower motivation). Discussion: Cultural factors may influence characteristics of eating disorders. The previous treatment experiences of the U.S. patients seemed to positively influence their motivation for further treatment. # by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 136-141, 2003.
Objective: To explore the association of three polymorphisms of the serotonin receptor 1Db gene (HTR1B) in the etiology of eating disorders and their relationship with clinical characteristics. Methods: We analyzed the G861C, A-161T, and A1180G polymorphisms of the HTR1B gene through a family-based association test (FBAT) in 245 nuclear families. The sample was stratified into anorexia nervosa (AN) spectrum and bulimia nervosa (BN) spectrum. In addition, we performed a quantitative FBAT analysis of anxiety severity, depression severity, and Yale-Brown-Cornell Eating Disorders Scale (YBC-EDS) in the AN and BN-spectrum groups.Results: FBAT analysis of the A-161T polymorphism found preferential transmission of allele A-161 in the overall sample. This association was stronger when the sample was stratified by spectrums, showing transmission disequilibrium between the A-161 allele and BN spectrum (z = 2.871, p = 0.004). Quantitative trait analysis showed an association between severity of anxiety symptoms and the C861 allele in AN-spectrum participants (z = 2.871, p = 0.004). We found no associations on analysis of depression severity or preoccupation and ritual scores in AN or BN-spectrum participants. Conclusions: Our preliminary findings suggest a role of the HTR1B gene in susceptibility to development of BN subtypes. Furthermore, this gene might have an impact on the severity of anxiety in AN-spectrum patients.
Alterations in eating behavior characterized eating disorders (ED). The genetic factors shared between ED diagnoses have been underexplored. The present study performed a genome-wide association study in individuals with disordered eating behaviors in the Mexican population, blood methylation quantitative trait loci (blood-meQTL), summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) analysis, and in silico function prediction by different algorithms. The analysis included a total of 1803 individuals. We performed a genome-wide association study and blood-meQTL analysis by logistic and linear regression. In addition, we analyzed in silico functional variant prediction, phenome-wide, and multi-tissue expression quantitative trait loci. The genome-wide association study identified 44 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated at a nominal value and seven blood-meQTL at a genome-wide threshold. The SNPs show enrichment in genome-wide associations of the metabolic and immunologic domains. In the in silico analysis, the SNP rs10419198 (p-value = 4.85 × 10−5) located on an enhancer mark could change the expression of PRR12 in blood, adipocytes, and brain areas that regulate food intake. Additionally, we found an association of DNA methylation levels of SETBP1 (p-value = 6.76 × 10−4) and SEMG1 (p-value = 5.73 × 10−4) by SMR analysis. The present study supports the previous associations of genetic variation in the metabolic domain with ED.
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