Plant essential oils (EOs) have several bioactive properties, highlighting their high antimicrobial and antioxidant capacities. As such, the use of EOs in active packaging has received special attention in the last few years. Nevertheless, the inhibitory effect of EOs on quality-degrading enzymatic systems of plant products during postharvest life has not been deeply studied. The effects of an EO active paper sheet on ethylene biosynthesis and quality (and related quality-degrading enzymes) of flat peach (Prunus persica var. platycarpa) samples were studied during 5 days (continental terrestrial transport) or 26 days (long maritime transport) storage at 2 or 8 °C, both followed by commercialization simulations (4 days at 22 °C). EOs released from active packaging reduced ethylene production by 40–50%, and by up to 70% after commercialization periods. These results were correlated with lower 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC) content and ACC-oxidase activity. Physicochemical fruit quality (as indicated by soluble solids content, titratable acidity, color, and firmness) was also better preserved by EO active sheets due to enzymatic inhibition (polygalacturonase and polyphenoloxidase). Furthermore, phenolic compounds (mainly catechin and cyanidin-3 glucoside) and total antioxidant capacity were increased (by up to 30 and 70%, respectively) in EO-packaged samples after 8 °C storage and the subsequent commercialization period. Conclusively, EO active paper sheets controlled ethylene production in flat peaches, maintained fruit quality, and even increased health-promoting bioactive compounds.

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The use of vapour of essential oils (EOs) through an innovative pilot-plant packaging device was studied to preserve the quality of sliced mushrooms during storage. A mix of EOs (eugenol, bergamot EO, and grapefruit EO) was vaporized (100 and 125 µL L−1) and applied during packaging of sliced mushrooms under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP); then, the product quality was studied during cold storage up to 12 days. The highest colour changes of EOs125 samples, which were observed in the mushroom stipe, were not observed with the EOs100 atmosphere. Thus, the high polyphenoloxidase activity observed in untreated samples after 5–7 days was highly controlled with the vapour EOs atmospheres. Furthermore, the visual appearance scores of EOs100 samples were still over the limit of usability, while untreated samples were already below this threshold after 5 days of storage. A strong bacteriostatic effect was achieved with vapour EOs, reducing the Pseudomonas spp. (the main microbial genus in cultivated mushrooms) growth by ≈1.7 log CFU g−1, regardless of the EOs dose, after 12 days. The activity of phenyl ammonia lyase was also reduced up to ≈0.4 enzymatic units with the EOs100 treatment. Conclusively, packaging of sliced mushrooms under an atmosphere enriched with 100 µL L−1 EOs vapour highly controlled the quality loss of sliced mushrooms owing to their enzymatic inhibition and high bacteriostatic effect.

The high potential of essential oils (EOs) in vapor phase to reduce ethylene biosynthesis was studied at (1) in vitro experiment (nonencapsulated) with citral vapor applied to broccoli florets (sensitive product model) and apple wedges (highethylene producer model), and (2) validation experiment with EOs vapor released from active paper sheets (encapsulation) in broccoli florets. Ethylene production (22 °C) of broccoli and apples was reduced by 30−40% with low doses (2.5−3 μL L −1 ) of citral. Such ethylene inhibition was validated using industrial EOs active paper sheets for packaging of broccoli florets at different temperature scenarios (2, 7, 15, and 22 °C). The broccoli ethylene production was reduced with vapor EOs by 30−40% (22 °C) and up to 40−70% (2 °C). Conclusively, EOs-active paper sheets highly controlled ethylene production in broccoli florets either at optimum storage temperature (2 °C) or under abusive commercialization temperatures (22 °C).

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Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are a special type of chemical synapse that transmits electrical stimuli from motor neurons (MNs) to their innervating skeletal muscle to induce a motor response. They are an ideal model for the study of synapses, given their manageable size and easy accessibility. Alterations in their morphology or function lead to neuromuscular disorders, such as the congenital myasthenic syndromes, which are caused by mutations in proteins located in the NMJ. In this review, we highlight novel potential candidate genes that may cause or modify NMJs-related pathologies in humans by exploring the phenotypes of hundreds of mouse models available in the literature. We also underscore the fact that NMJs may differ between species, muscles or even sexes. Hence the importance of choosing a good model organism for the study of NMJ-related diseases: only taking into account the specific features of the mammalian NMJ, experimental results would be efficiently translated to the clinic.

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