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With ongoing globalization, farmers in developing and transition countries are increasingly challenged by the complex organizational structure of international food supply chains. This study seeks to identify how the interplay of supply chain network relationships, which are determined by situational factors affecting farms and their business environment, influences farmers' performance. A theoretical framework is developed and empirically applied to data obtained from a standardized survey of 81 Chilean raspberry producers, 80 Chilean avocado producers and 80 Chilean table grape producers using partial least squares analysis. The results of the comparative analysis of the three producer groups reveal that supply chain network relationships in the Chilean raspberry, avocado and table grape sectors highly predict each other's and the farmers' performance. Thereby, the results do not differ greatly among the three supply chains. The results provide interesting implications, indicating that Chilean small and medium-sized farms but also large farmers can increase farm performance by connecting more closely with trading partners. Furthermore, the findings give governmental offices the opportunity to increase their support for farmers.

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Adaptation to climate change is imperative to sustain and promote agricultural productivity growth, and site-specific empirical evidence is needed to facilitate policy making. Therefore, this study analyses the impact of climate change adaptation on productivity for annual crops in Central Chile using a stochastic production frontier approach. The data come from a random sample of 265 farms located in four municipalities with different agro-climatic conditions. To measure climate change adaptation, a set of 14 practices was used in three different specifications: binary variable, count and index; representing decision, intensity and quality of adaptation, respectively. The aforementioned alternative variables were used in three different stochastic production frontier models. Results suggest that the use of adaptive practices had a significant and positive effect on productivity; the practice with the highest impact on productivity was irrigation improvement. Empirical results demonstrate the relevance of climate change adaptation on farmers' productivity and enrich the discussion regarding the need to implement adaptation measures.

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