Stem cells can become different types of cells and have the potential to divide and self-renew. There are two types of stem cells, first the embryonic stem cells and second the adult stem cells, both help in regeneration or repair tissues of an organism, for this reason, the stem cells are being used to renew the world of medicine. Stem cells are obtained from three sources: the first can be our own body that where certain organs still have some cells still not completely differentiated. The second source is the embryos when they are in the blastocyst phase (between five to fourteen days from conception), and the third source can be in the cells of the skin, liver or another cell type that have been modified to behave like embryonic stem cells. With this therapy, we would find ourselves before an inexhaustible source to repair the tissues and organs that were damaged in our bodies. One of the main causes of mortality in heart failure, but with the help of cell therapy has been studied the repair of cardiac tissue with the stem cell transplant. The objective of the cellular transplantation is that the transplanted cells in the heart tissue manage to regenerate, renewed, and repair any part of the heart tissue damaged.
The process of angiogenesis is regulated by several growth factors, the most important factor is VEGF which is an important mediator because it facilitates the growth of blood vessels and the remodeling processes. In addition, angiogenesis is significantly involved in tumor progression giving the tumor the necessary supplies for its survival and thus causing metastases in other organs by providing a site of entry to the circulation of vessels blood. The objective of this review is to reflect the fundamental role that angiogenesis has in the development and spread of cancer through vascular endothelial growth factor, its receptors, and its signaling pathways. On the other hand, antiangiogenics strategies (angiogenesis inhibitors) are proposed to fight cancer and clinical trials are presented to verify the survival range of patients who have been treated with anti-angiogenic therapy.
Blood transfusion is the most common form of tissue transplant, and correct blood type matching is decisive for the success of this procedure. However, the availability of different blood types depends on each population, leading to a shortage of blood units from uncommon types. Then, it represents a problem for patients who need a blood transfusion because the supply for their blood type is scarce. Fortunately, researchers have been developing different techniques to engineer universal red blood cells (RBC) that could be transplanted to any human being independent of its blood type. This paper details the main features of blood transfusion and red blood cells maintenance and the two more recent procedures used to produce universal RBCs, the Enzymatically Converted Group O (ECO) and the antigen masking methods.
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