Transition metal-catalyzed direct oxidative coupling reactions via C–H bond activation have emerged as a straightforward strategy for the construction of complex molecules in organic synthesis. The direct transformation of C–H bonds into carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds renders the requirement of prefunctionalization of starting materials and, therefore, represents a more efficient alternative to the traditional cross-coupling reactions. The key to the unprecedented progress made in this area has been the identification of an appropriate oxidant that facilitates oxidation and provides heteroatom ligands at the metal center. In this context, hypervalent iodine compounds have evolved as mainstream reagents particularly because of their excellent oxidizing nature, high electrophilicity, and versatile reactivity. They are environmentally benign reagents, stable, non-toxic, and relatively cheaper than inorganic oxidants. For many years, palladium catalysis has dominated these oxidative coupling reactions, but eventually, other transition metal catalysts such as gold, copper, platinum, iron, etc. were found to be promising alternate catalysts for facilitating such reactions. This review article critically summarizes the recent developments in non-palladium-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions mediated by hypervalent iodine (III) reagents with significant emphasis on understanding the mechanistic aspects in detail.
Owing to its hydrophobic nature, polymers are more commonly employed to impart superhydrophobicity over different surfaces. This review gives a brief account on the theories behind superhydrophobicity and techniques employed to develop superhydrophobic coatings over metal, fabrics, papers, sponges, foam, glass, wood, mesh, concrete and ceramic surfaces. Fine‐tuning of superhydrophobic polymeric surfaces is much required to enhance corrosion control, oil‐water separation, self‐cleaning, drag reduction, anti‐microbial, anti‐bio‐fouling, anti‐icing and desalination properties. Methodology and current developments in the designing such superhydrophobic polymeric surfaces are highlighted. To conclude, the challenges to be addressed by the scientific world to solve the problems associated with mass production, stability and durability of the coatings, development of hierarchical micro‐nanostructures are detailed.
In the current scenario, where the industries are plagued with global energy crisis and skyrocketing fuel prices, the need of the hour is efficient utilization of the available resources without compromising the demand. Several traditional approaches like lambda-iteration and gradient method were utilized in solving non-linear problems. Recently, soft-computing techniques have received attention and have already been applied successfully for many practical applications. Evolutionary programming is an efficient optimization tool for solving non-linear programming problems. In this paper, nature inspired algorithms such as Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA) and Firefly Algorithms (FA) were implemented to Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) problem for three generator system and thirteen generator systems with both inclusion and omission of valve point loading. The results obtained are by applying both the algorithms separately to the ELD problem. By comparing other optimization algorithm techniques, we can observe the dominance of the proposed algorithms and confirm their potentiality in solving non-linear ELD issues.
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