Audio sources are ubiquitously available on portable electronic devices, including cell phones. Here we demonstrate lysis of Mycobacterium marinum and Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria utilizing a portable audio device coupled with a simple and inexpensive electromagnetic coil. The resulting alternating magnetic field rotates a magnet in a tube with the sample and glass beads, lysing the cells and enabling sample preparation for these bacteria anywhere there is a cell phone, mp3 player, laptop, or other device with a headphone jack.
We present a proof-of-concept design and preliminary data to demonstrate a novel syringe infusion pump that is low cost, nonelectric, reusable, and adjustable. This device addresses the need for infusion therapy in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where intermittent electrical power precludes the use of conventional electronic infusion pumps and limited financial resources make high costs of disposable infusion pumps impractical. Our design uses a pneumatically pressurized, hydraulic (air over oil) drive piston coupled to a closed-circuit flow restriction to drive a syringe plunger at a constant velocity, thus providing a constant volumetric flow rate to the patient. The device requires no proprietary or precision consumables, significantly reducing treatment costs compared with other methods. The highly adjustable device provides constant flow rates across the range of 0.5–8 mL/h when used with a 30-mL syringe. The user interface is simple and intuitive; the hardware is robust and portable. This novel technology platform has broad applications in addressing priority health needs in LMIC.
Hypoxemia is a complication of pneumonia—the leading infectious cause of death in children worldwide. Treatment generally requires oxygen-enriched air, but access in low-resource settings is expensive and unreliable. We explored use of reservoir cannulas (RCs), which yield oxygen savings in adults but have not been examined in children. Toddler, small child, and adolescent breathing profiles were simulated with artificial lung and airway models. An oxygen concentrator provided flow rates of 0 to 5 L/min via a standard nasal cannula (NC) or RC, and delivered oxygen fraction (FdO2) was measured. The oxygen savings ratio (SR) and absolute flow savings (AFS) were calculated, comparing NC and RC. We demonstrated proof-of-concept that pendant RCs could conserve oxygen during pediatric therapy. SR mean and standard deviation were 1.1 ± 0.2 to 1.4 ± 0.4, 1.1 ± 0.1 to 1.7 ± 0.3, and 1.3 ± 0.1 to 2.4 ± 0.3 for toddler, small child, and adolescent models, respectively. Maximum AFS observed were 0.3 ± 0.3, 0.2 ± 0.1, and 1.4 ± 0.3 L/min for the same models. RCs have the potential to reduce oxygen consumption during treatment of hypoxemia in children; however, further evaluation of products is needed, followed by clinical analysis in patients.
BackgroundContinuous oxygen treatment is essential for managing children with hypoxemia, but access to oxygen in low-resource countries remains problematic. Given the high burden of pneumonia in these countries and the fact that flow can be gradually reduced as therapy progresses, oxygen conservation through routine titration warrants exploration.AimTo determine the amount of oxygen saved via titration during oxygen therapy for children with hypoxemic pneumonia.MethodsBased on published clinical data, we developed a model of oxygen flow rates needed to manage hypoxemia, assuming recommended flow rate at start of therapy, and comparing total oxygen used with routine titration every 3 minutes or once every 24 hours versus no titration.ResultsTitration every 3 minutes or every 24 hours provided oxygen savings estimated at 11.7% ± 5.1% and 8.1% ± 5.1% (average ± standard error of the mean, n = 3), respectively. For every 100 patients, 44 or 30 kiloliters would be saved—equivalent to 733 or 500 hours at 1 liter per minute.ConclusionsOngoing titration can conserve oxygen, even performed once-daily. While clinical validation is necessary, these findings could provide incentive for the routine use of pulse oximeters for patient management, as well as further development of automated systems.
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