This study evaluated the composition (% moisture, % protein, % fat, % solids non-fat or SNF) and physicochemical properties (density, specific gravity, freezing temperature, conductivity) of colostrum and transient milk obtained from Landrace, Large White, and their F1 crosses in a swine breeding farm in Laguna, Philippines. Composition and physicochemical properties of sow’s milk were invariably affected by the type of milk, sow breed, month of farrowing, and parity. Colostrum had significantly (P < 0.01) higher % protein (9.19 ± 0.43% vs. 6.89 ± 0.51%), % SNF (19.11 ± 0.80% vs. 14.58 ± 0.94%), density (75.66 ± 6.65 g/mL vs. 52.63 ± 6.97 g/mL), and specific gravity (1.070 ± 0.003 g/cm3 vs. 1.050 ± 0.004 g/cm3) but lower % moisture (73.85 ± 0.93% vs. 77.77 ± 1.09%) and conductivity (2.95 ± 0.13 mS/cm vs. 3.62 ± 0.15 mS/cm) than transient milk. Both the density and specific gravity of colostrum were negatively correlated with pre-weaning mortality (r = –0.30). Parity was negatively correlated with % protein (r = –0.41), % solids non-fat (r = –0.38), density (r = –0.36), and specific gravity (r = –0.36) of transient milk. The composition and physicochemical properties of colostrum were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between pure Landrace and Large White. For transient milk, however, Landrace had significantly (P < 0.05) higher % protein, density, and specific gravity but lower % moisture than Large White. “R1 Large White x Landrace” had significantly (P < 0.05) higher density and specific gravity of colostrum than “F1 Landrace x Large White”. For transient milk, however, “R1 Large White x Landrace” had significantly (P < 0.05) higher % moisture but lower % protein, % SNF, and specific gravity than “F1 Landrace x Large White”. As % moisture generally decreases and % fat increases from May–September 2019, % moisture in transient milk was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in colostrum in sows farrowing from May–July only. Percent fat in transient milk was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in colostrum in August only. Local pig producers may use these observations in their management to attain the desired composition and quality of colostrum and transient milk.
The nutritional value of egg yolk in terms of fat content and fatty acid (FA) composition is needed to evaluate their possible effect on human cardiovascular health and disease. This study determined the FA-based nutritional indices/ratios of egg yolks from 29 breeds belonging to seven poultry species (chicken, mallard, quail, Muscovy, guinea fowl, turkey, and ostrich) in a government poultry research station at Tiaong, Quezon, Philippines. At least four pooled samples (each consisting of four egg yolks) per breed were randomly collected and immediately frozen at –20 °C until analyzed for fat content and FA composition by gas chromatography. The major FAs in egg yolk with the highest proportions by weight of total FAs were oleic acid C18:1 n-9 (30.6–43.9%), palmitic acid C16:0 (22.2–54.4%), linoleic acid (LA) C18:2 n-6 (0.4–16.6%), and stearic acid C18:0 (4.0–12.1%). Compared to chicken and quail eggs, the mallard egg yolk seems to have more health benefits because of a lower LA to α-linolenic acid C18:3 n-3 (ALA) ratio (15.70: 1), atherogenicity (0.45), and thrombogenicity (0.91) – as well as higher yolk weight (22.7 g), fat content (31.8%), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) to saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio (1.73: 1), health-promoting index (2.20), and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (2.26). Among mallard breeds, the egg yolks from Tsaiya and Pekin were superior to that from Itik-Pinas breeds. Egg yolk from other poultry species generally had lower FA-based nutritional values. Significant breed differences in fat content, FA composition, and nutritional indices/ratio were also reported for egg yolks from chicken, quail, and turkey.
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