We stress the advantages of heat and work reservoirs in the formalism of Thermodynamics and using an illustrative example show the need to reformulate the concepts of heat and work to avoid inconsistencies, namely, with regard to the Second Law. To deal with this problem, we use the concept of identical thermodynamical processes and obtain the condition for two such processes to be identical even when the system neighbourhood as a whole cannot be treated as a reservoir. The aforementioned concept is then applied to obtain a standardized definition of heat and work as well as a generalization of the well-known Clausius inequality. Finally, we return to the example given earlier to corroborate the effectiveness of our results. PACS Nos.: 05.70.−a, 44.90.+c, 65.40.GrRésumé : Nous insistons sur les avantages des réservoirs de chaleur et de travail dans le formalisme de la thermodynamique et, via un exemple pour l'illustrer, nous montrons le besoin de reformuler les concepts de chaleur et de travail afin d'éviter les incohérences, nommément dans l'utilisation de la seconde loi. Dans le but d'illustrer le problème, nous utilisons le concept de deux processus thermodynamiques identiques et nous obtenons les conditions pour que les deux processus soient identiques, même lorsque l'environnement comme un tout des systèmes ne peut être considéré comme un réservoir. Ce concept est alors appliqué pour obtenir une définition standardisée de la chaleur et du travail aussi bien qu'une généralisation de l'inégalité bien connue de Clausius. Nous retournons finalement à l'exemple donné plus tôt afin de corroborer la validité de nos résultats.[Traduit par la Rédaction]
Recebido em 7/11/05; aceito em 16/5/06; publicado na web em 31/10/06 ON THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS. HEAT AND WORK DIFFERENTIALS. We treat some subtleties concerning the First Law of Thermodynamics and discuss the inherent difficulties, namely the interpretation of the heat and the work differentials. By proposing a new differential equation for the First Law, which is written using both system and neighborhood variables, we overcome the mentioned difficulties and establish a criterion for the definition of heat and work.
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