The purpose of this article is to provide a synopsis of the current medical understanding of knee osteoarthritis. We describe the prevalence, causes and associated risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis and classification, and treatment options. A quiz serves to assist readers in their understanding of the presented material.
Recebido em 27/11/01; aceito em 15/5/02 REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS FROM WASTEWATERS BY ALUMINOSILICATE. This review had as aim the bibliography research for the use of aluminosilicates to remove heavy metals from wastewaters. Advanced studies based on parameters that have influence for removal of heavy metals as pH, metal concentration, effect of ligants and removal capacity of zeolites and clays, were reported. These studies demonstrate that aluminosilicates can be successfully used for the removal of heavy metals under the optimized conditions. Keywords: aluminosilicates; heavy metal; wastewater. INTRODUÇÃOAtualmente, um dos problemas mais sérios que afetam o meio ambiente é a poluição química de natureza orgânica ou inorgânica, decorrente dos despejos residenciais e industriais.Define-se como poluição qualquer alteração física, química ou biológica que produza modificação no ciclo biológico normal, interferindo na composição da fauna e da flora do meio. A poluição aquá-tica, uma das mais sérias, provoca mudanças nas características físi-cas, químicas e biológicas das águas, as quais interferem na sua qualidade, impossibilitando o seu uso para o consumo humano 1 . Alguns metais pesados são substâncias altamente tóxicas e não são compatíveis com a maioria dos tratamentos biológicos de efluentes existentes. Dessa forma, efluentes contendo esses metais não devem ser descartados na rede pública, para tratamento em conjunto com o esgoto doméstico. As principais fontes de poluição por metais pesados são provenientes dos efluentes industriais, de mineração e das lavouras.A atividade de uma substância tóxica depende sempre de sua concentração no organismo, independente do mecanismo de intoxicação. Embora alguns metais sejam biogenéticos, isto é, sua presença é essencial para permitir o funcionamento normal de algumas rotas metabólicas, a maioria dos metais pesados, se ingeridos em concentrações demasiadas, são venenos acumulativos para o organismo 2 . Mesmo em concentrações reduzidas, os cátions de metais pesados, uma vez lançados num corpo receptor, como por exemplo, em rios, mares e lagoas, ao atingirem as águas de um estuário sofrem o efeito denominado de Amplificação Biológica. Este efeito ocorre em virtude desses compostos não integrarem o ciclo metabólico dos organismos vivos, sendo neles armazenados e, em conseqüência, sua concentração é extraordinariamente ampliada nos tecidos dos seres vivos que integram a cadeia alimentar do ecossistema 3 . A intoxicação por metais pesados provoca um conjunto especí-fico de sintomas e um quadro clínico próprio. Os dois principais mecanismos de ação dos metais pesados, no ser vivo, são formação de complexos com os grupos funcionais das enzimas, que prejudica o perfeito funcionamento do organismo, e a combinação com as membranas celulares, que perturba ou em alguns casos mais drásti-cos, impede completamente o transporte de substâncias essenciais, tais como os íons Na Os metais pesados ocorrem no ambiente aquático sob diversas formas: em solução na forma iônica ou na forma de com...
These data suggest that one etiology of neurologic complications following cervical nerve blocks may be inadvertent intravascular injection of particulate steroids, as all animals injected with methylprednisolone had neurologic deficits while none of the controls injected with non-particulate steroids were affected. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate that particulate steroids cause neurologic deficits and to suggest that use of non-particulate steroids might prevent such complications.
This research investigated the effects of a nutrition education program on dietary behavior and nutrition knowledge among elementary school-aged children participating in a Social Cognitive Theory-based nutrition education program. Participants included 1100 second-grade and third-grade students selected by convenience-type sampling from public schools in Alabama. A preassessment and postassessment control group design assessed dietary behavior and nutrition knowledge using Pizza Please, a specially designed interactive evaluation tool. A 2 x 2 mixed analysis of variance was used to analyze data. Children in the treatment group exhibited significantly (p < .001) greater improvement in overall dietary behaviors such as consumption of dairy products, fruits, and vegetables, than children in the control group. Children in the treatment group exhibited significantly (p < .001) greater improvement in nutrition knowledge, including Food Guide Pyramid understanding, nutrient-food association, and nutrient-job association, than children in the control group. Results suggest that nutrition education programs that teach positive dietary messages potentially can improve dietary behavior and increase nutrition knowledge in children.
This research investigated the effects of a nutrition education program on dietary behavior and nutrition knowledge among elementary school-aged children participating in a Social Cognitive Theory-based nutrition education program. Participants included 1100 second-grade and third-grade students selected by convenience-type sampling from public schools in Alabama. A preassessment and postassessment control group design assessed dietary behavior and nutrition knowledge using Pizza Please, a specially designed interactive evaluation tool. A 2 x 2 mixed analysis of variance was used to analyze data. Children in the treatment group exhibited significantly (p < .001) greater improvement in overall dietary behaviors such as consumption of dairy products, fruits, and vegetables, than children in the control group. Children in the treatment group exhibited significantly (p < .001) greater improvement in nutrition knowledge, including Food Guide Pyramid understanding, nutrient-food association, and nutrient-job association, than children in the control group. Results suggest that nutrition education programs that teach positive dietary messages potentially can improve dietary behavior and increase nutrition knowledge in children.
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