RESUMENCaracterizar el nivel de la coordinación motora (CoM) y determinar la infl uencia de la edad, sexo, estatus socioeconómico y de la adiposidad subcutánea en la CoM de escolares peruanos de seis a los once años de edad. El tamaño de la muestra comprendió a 4,007 niños (mujeres= 1889; varones= 2118) de escuelas del área metropolitana de Lima, Perú. La CoM fue determinado a través de la batería de pruebas KTK (Kiphard y Schilling, 1974) que comprende cuatro pruebas: equilibrio a la retaguardia (ER), saltos laterales (SL), saltos monopedales (SM) y transposición lateral (TL). La adiposidad subcutánea fue establecida a partir de la suma de los pliegues cutáneos del tríceps, subescapular y pantorrilla. El estatuto socioeconómico (ESE) fue evaluado según la localización física de cada escuela (tipo de vecindad). Los análisis estadísticos exploratorios, descriptivos e inferenciales (ANOVA II así como modelos lineales de regresión) fueron realizados en SPSS 15. Existen incrementos signifi cativos de valores medios de las pruebas de KTK en ambos sexos y a lo largo de la edad. Los niños con adiposidad elevada presentan rendimientos inferiores en todas las pruebas. Los niños superan a las niñas. El ESE alto presenta una infl uencia mayor sólo en la prueba de SM, y el ESE bajo ha demostrado ser relevante en la ejecución de ER. Conclusiones -La CoM es altamente específi ca a cada género. El nivel de adiposidad presenta una infl uencia negativa en cada prueba de coordinación, también en la coordinación total. El ESE no parece ser un predictor concluyente de la coordinación motora en niños. Palabras-clave:Coordinación motora; Adiposidad subcutánea; Estatuto socioeconómico. ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to describe motor coordination (CoM) levels, in addition to the infl uence of age, socioeconomic status (SES), sex and subcutaneous adiposity on the CoM of Peruvian children aged six to eleven years. The sample size was 4007 children (n=1889 females; n=2118 males) from several schools in the metropolitan area of Lima, Peru. CoM was assessed with the KTK (Kiphard and Schilling, 1974) test battery that includes 4 tests: balancing backward (BB), hopping on one leg (HO), jumping sideways (JS) and shifting platforms (SP). Subcutaneous adiposity included the sum of several skinfolds: triceps, subscapular and calf. Socioeconomic status (SES) was evaluated according to the physical location of each school (type of neighborhood). Exploratory, descriptive and inferential statistical analyses (ANOVA II as well as regression linear models) were performed using SPSS 15. Signifi cant increases in mean values of CoM were observed in both sexes and across age. Children with high adiposity exhibited lower performance in all tests. Boys outperformed girls. High SES has a greater infl uence only on HO, and a low SES proved relevant to BB performance. It can be concluded that CoM is highly specifi c to each gender. Body fat levels have a negative infl uence on each coordination test, as well as on overall coordination. SES does not s...
We used allometric models to identify the optimal body size/shape characteristics associated with physical and motor performance tests in Peruvian schoolchildren. The sample consisted of 3624 subjects (1669 boys and 1955 girls) aged 11-17 years from 31 public schools belonging to four cities located in the three natural regions in central Peru. Motor performance included 12-min run, standing long jump, grip strength, curl-ups, shuttle run, and sit and reach. The reciprocal Ponderal index (RPI), a characteristic sometimes referred to as the somatotype "ectomorphy," was found to be the most suitable body shape indicator associated with 12-min run, standing long jump, curl-up, and shuttle run performance. A positive maturation offset parameter was also associated with greater standing long jump, grip strength, shuttle run, and sit-and-reach performances. With the exception of the sit-and-reach flexibility, sex differences are pervasive in all tests favoring boys. Rainforest schoolchildren are best performers in the power and flexibility tests, whereas those from high altitude were superior in the 12-min endurance test even after taking their much lighter body size characteristics into account. This latter finding suggests that living at high altitude in Peru benefits children's endurance performance both before and even after controlling for differences in the confounding variable of body size/shape.
Coordination readiness: multivariate profiles based upon age, sex, and socioeconomic status Purpose: To describe motor coordination levels (CoM), their centile distribution, as well as identify the coordinative readiness of Peruvian children as a function of age, sex and socioeconomic status. Methodology: Sample size included 4007 children (n=1889 females; n=2118 males) between 6 and 11 years of age (young = 8,99; children = 9,07) from several schools of the metropolitan area of Lima, Perú. CoM was assessed with the KTK, a battery of tests that includes: balancing backward (BB), hopping on one leg (HO), jumping sideways (JS) and shifting platforms (SP). Socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed according to the physical localization of each school (type of neighborhood). Exploratory, descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used, including: multivariate analysis of variance, discriminant function and chi square. Percentile charts were constructed in the LMS software version 1.32. Results: Significant increases in mean values of CoM were found in both sexes, and across age groups. Reclassification values of CoM in their original ages are low and presents a decreased tendency throughout age (30% to 23% and 30% to 20% in girls and boys, respectively). SES is not a relevant predictor of differences in coordination profiles of children. Conclusions: The development of coordination is highly gender specific. There is a clear trend, in boys and girls, to show a coordination profile that is lower than expected for their chronological age. SES is not a conclusive predictor in the development of motor coordination profiles of children.
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