The large-scale deployment of renewable energy sources (RES) is an important aspect of decarbonising the energy supply, and represents a key part of the German Energiewende. However, significantly increasing the share of renewable power in the energy mix implies coping with the natural intermittency of RES like wind and solar. RES development also does not directly address non-electric energy needs such as fuels for transportation and industry feedstock, which are presently relying on fossil fuels. Therefore, the conversion of surplus renewable electricity (RES-E) into the more convenient form of a liquid or gas (power-to-liquid and power-to-gas) could help offset RES intermittency while providing a diverse mix of energy carriers. If recycled CO 2 is used in the fuel synthesis process, overall emissions can be greatly reduced. This paper aims to sketch the possible contribution of RES-E combined with power-to-gas (PtG) and power-to-liquid (PtL) schemes in the 2050 German energy system, by modelling an increase in installed renewable power. Different scenarios are laid out and compared, and the results are utilised in a basic economic assessment of the fuel production cost for an hypothetical power-to-liquid plant.
The aim of the ViVa project is to develop tools for the modern hemodynamicist and cardiovascular surgeon to study and interpret the constantly increasing amount of information being produced by non-invasive imaging equipment. In particular, we are developing a system able to process and visualize 3D medical data, to
Goals and MotivationRecent advances in non-invasive data acquisition technology, e.g., Spiral Computerized Tomography and fast Magnetic Resonance Imaging, are now providing physicians with large amounts of quantitative information on a patient's body internal structures. The availability of fast computers will make it possible to harness this information to provide surgeons with accurate 3D reconstructions and with the ability of using simulation for training purposes and to foresee the effects of surgical intervention.In the cardiovascular system, morphology and functionality are closely related. Altered flow conditions, such as separation, recirculating zones and oscillatory shear stress, play an important role in the development of arterial diseases. In turn all these flow conditions are modified by arterial wall changes such as intimal thickening or atherosclerotic plaques. A detailed understanding of the influence of wall modifications on flow patterns can have useful surgical applications, especially towards reconstruction and revascularization problems. Furthermore, the ability of simulating vascular operations on an 1
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