To date, the ventricular myocardial band is the anatomical‐functional model that best explains cardiac mechanics during systolic‐diastolic phenomena in the cardiac cycle. The implications of the model fundamentally affect the anatomical interpretation of the ventricular myocardium, giving meaning to the direction that muscle fibers take, turning them into an object of study with potential clinical, imaging, and surgical applications. Re‐interpreting the anatomy of the ventricular muscle justifies changes in the physiological interpretation, from its functional focus as a fiber unraveling the mechanical phenomena carried out during systole and diastole. We identify the functioning of the heart from the electrical and hemodynamic point of view, but it is necessary to delve into the mechanics that originate the hemodynamic changes observed flowmetrically, and that manifested during the pathology. In this review, the mechanical phenomena that the myocardium performs in each phase of the cardiac cycle are broken down in detail, emphasizing the physical displacements that each of the muscle segments presents, as well as a vision of their alteration and in which pathologies they are mainly identified. Visually, an anatomical correlation to the echocardiogram is provided, pointing out the direction of the segmental myocardial displacement by the strain velocity vector technique.
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis was observed in a seven‐month‐old male cocker spaniel dog. The clinical, microbiological, biochemical, radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations ruled out neoplasia, congenital disease and infectious disease. The anamnesis revealed that the owner had vaccinated the dog seven times, one vaccination per month, without veterinarian supervision. In both kidneys, severe thickening of the glomerular capillary walls was observed. Electron microscope examination revealed a large number of electron‐dense deposits that were primarily in the glomerular subendothelial spaces and the basal membrane, which is compatible with antigen‐antibody complexes. The immunohistochemical examination revealed that the antigen present in the glomeruli corresponded with the antigen present in the vaccine. We report a type III hypersensitivity nephropathy in a young dog, which was possibly caused by over‐vaccination.
Se presenta un resumen práctico de los hallazgos más frecuentes al hacer un diagnóstico prenatal de retorno venoso pulmonar anómalo. Se describe cómo es importante visualizar el área retrocardíaca de manera rutinaria, sobre todo mediante el plano de corte de cuatro cámaras. Conocer las características ecocardiográficas prenatales de esta anomalía es importante por la dificultad que presenta su diagnóstico.
El ‘miocardio esponjoso’ o cardiopatía no compactada es una rara miocardiopatía congénita de etiología desconocida, que resulta de un fallo en la embriogénesis en el proceso evolutivo de la trabeculación miocárdica normal. Los hallazgos ecocardiográficos característicos de esta enfermedad consisten en múltiples trabeculaciones miocárdicas y profundos recesos intertrabeculares que se comunican con la cavidad ventricular izquierda, derecha o ambas. Se presenta un caso de esta miocardiopatía que afecta el ventrículo derecho, en feto de 31 semanas de gestación, cuya madre era portadora asintomática de dicha patología. Se presenta las imágenes ecográficas prenatales, incluyendo la evaluación mediante la técnica de deformación miocárdica (strain), haciendo énfasis en la importancia de la historia clínica del paciente, las posibles etiologías y el diagnóstico diferencial con otras entidades.
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