Ergotioneine (ERG) has potential applications as food additive and as an antioxidant for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases related to oxidative stress. In this work, we study the nature of antioxidant activity and investigate the effect of aqueous extracts of Agaricus bisporus enriched with ergotioneine (EAHE-ERG), a natural product, obtained through enzymatic digestion and membrane technology, in cellular response induced by UV, in crops fibroblasts. EAHE-ERG suppressed by the increase of TNF-α by UV-B radiation. Furthermore, in fibroblasts exposed to UV-A, EAHE-ERG suppressed the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 protein (MMP-1) in almost 50% and reduced the RNAm expression from MMP-1. From these results, we conclude that EAHE-ERG can reduce anti-aging effects of the skin from UV radiation by removing O2 and 1O2, and the reduction protease signs and inflammatory activity. Keywords: Ergotioneine, Agaricus bisporus, Antioxidant, Nutraceutical, Anti-inflammatory. Resumen La ergotioneina (ERG) tiene aplicaciones potenciales como un aditivo alimentario y como un antioxidante para el tratamiento y/o prevención de enfermedades relacionadas con el estrés oxidativo. En este trabajo estudiamos la naturaleza de la actividad antioxidante e investigamos el efecto de los extractos acuosos de Agaricus bisporus enriquecidos con ergotioneina (EAHEERG), un producto natural, obtenido mediante digestión enzimática y tecnología de membrana, en respuesta celular inducida por UV, en fibroblastos cultivados. EAHE-ERG suprimió la regulación por incremento de TNF-α mediante radiación UV-B. Además, en fibroblastos expuestos a UV-A, EAHE-ERG suprimió la expresión de proteína de metaloproteinasa-1 de matriz (MMP-1) en casi 50% y redujo la expresión de ARNm de MMP-1. A partir de estos resultados, concluimos que EAHE-ERG puede reducir los efectos antienvejecimiento de la piel después de la irradiación UV mediante la eliminación de O2 y 1O2, y la reducción de las señales de proteasa y actividad inflamatoria. Palabras Clave: Ergotioneina, Agaricus bisporus, Antioxidante, Nutracéutico, Antiinflamatorio.
The excessive use of chemical fertilizers can cause severe environmental damage. In recent decades, the application of biostimulants to improve soil composition and stimulate plant growth has contributed significantly to environmental preservation. In this paper, we studied the production and characterization of an amino acid/peptide-enriched biostimulant using edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) by-products (tails and nonmarketable mushrooms) as raw materials and commercial proteases as hydrolytic agents. A single hydrolytic process using four different endoproteases, Alcalase®, L-450, Flavourzyme® or papain, and a sequential hydrolytic process using two proteases, an endoprotease and an exoprotease, Alcalase®+Flavourzyme® or L-450 + Flavourzyme), were conducted. A preevaluation of potential plant biostimulants was also carried out, testing the biostimulant capacity of single and sequential Mb-PPHs to stimulate maize seed germination and root growth, as well as the evaluation of the vigor index (VI), with very promising results.
Chitin production processes involve highly polluting treatments, current studies have shown the use of biological methods gave better results because it preserves chitin structure. In this work, chitin was obtained from Agaricus bisporus and Procambarus clarkii following friendly environmental alternative procedures, through a sequential process based on the use of proteases, glucanases. Transformation of microfibrils into nanofibers was accomplished dissolving amorphous regions followed by acid disruption. The chitin concentration determined as N-acetyl glucosamine is 83 ± 1.8% and 80 ± 2.4% for A. bisporus and P. clarkii, respectively, being a good-quality chitin, similar to the commercially available one. Finally, highly uniform, approximately 8 nanometer-wide chitin nanofibers were obtained, which still maintained their original chemical and crystalline structures. The product can be used for industrial applications in pharmacy, cosmetics, agriculture, and wastewater treatment. Keywords: Byproduct of mushroom, Fraction of chitin, Agaricus bisporus, Procambarus clarkii. Resumen Los procesos de producción de quitina implican tratamientos altamente contaminantes, en estudios actuales se ha demostrado que la utilización de métodos biológicos dieron mejores resultados porque preserva la estructura de la quitina. En este trabajo se obtuvo quitina tanto de Agaricus bisporus como de Procambarus clarkii siguiendo procedimientos alternativos amigables con el medio ambiente, mediante un proceso secuencial basado en el uso de proteasas, glucanasas. La transformación de microfibrillas en nanofibras se logró disolviendo las regiones amorfas seguido de la ruptura ácida. La concentración de quitina determinada como N-acetil-glucosamina es de 83 ± 1,8% y 80 ± 2,4%, para A. bisporus y P. clarkii respectivamente, siendo una quitina de buena calidad, similar a la disponible comercialmente. Finalmente se obtuvo nanofibras de quitina altamente uniformes con un ancho de aproximadamente 8 nm que aún mantenían sus estructuras químicas y cristalinas originales. El producto puede ser utilizado para aplicaciones industriales en farmacia, cosmética, agricultura y tratamientos de aguas residuales. Palabras Clave: Subproducto de champiñón, Fracción de Quitina, Agaricus bisporus, Nanoquitina, Procambarus clarkii.
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