The thermal stability of a series of cobalt and nickel molybdates (AMoO4·nH2O, α-AMoO4, and β-AMoO4; A = Co or Ni) was examined using synchrotron-based time-resolved X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The results of X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) indicate that the Co and Ni atoms are in octahedral sites in all these compounds, while the coordination of Mo varies from octahedral in the α-phases to tetrahedral in the β-phases and hydrates. Upon heating of AMoO4·nH2O, evolution of gaseous water was seen at two different temperature ranges:  100−200 °C for reversibly bound H2O; 200−400 °C for H2O from the crystal structure. The results of time-resolved XRD show a direct transformation of the hydrates into the β-AMoO4 compounds (following a kinetics of first order) without any intermediate phase. This is probably facilitated by the similarities that AMoO4·nH2O and β-AMoO4 have in their structural and electronic properties. The XRD experiments show that the α-AMoO4 → β-AMoO4 transitions occur at much higher temperatures than the hydrate → β-AMoO4 transformations (ΔT ≈ 150 °C in CoMoO4 and 280 °C in NiMoO4). The activation energy for the α-NiMoO4 → β-NiMoO4 transition is ∼40 kcal/mol larger than that for the NiMoO4·nH2O → β-NiMoO4 + nH2O reaction. The larger activation energy reflects the change in the coordination of Mo (O h → T d ) that occurs during the α → β transition. The K- and L-edges of Co in XANES spectra indicate that there are no big variations in the electronic properties of this metal when comparing CoMoO4·nH2O, α-CoMoO4, and β-CoMoO4. The same is valid for the electronic properties of Ni in the nickel molybdates. In contrast, the L2,3-edges of Mo show large changes in the splitting of the Mo 4d orbitals as the coordination of this metal varies from octahedral (α-phases) to tetrahedral (β-phases and hydrates). The features near the threshold in the O K-edge spectra track very well the splitting of the Mo 4d orbitals in tetrahedral and octahedral fields and can be very useful for probing the local symmetry of Mo atoms in molybdenum oxides.

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Activated (AS) and carboxymethylated (CMS 0.24 ) cassava starch derivatives were studied as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel XC35 in a 200 mgL -1 NaCl solution. They were characterized by back titration and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Electrochemical techniques were used to evaluate the inhibitive properties of starches at room temperature and the chemical composition of the protective films was determined by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Electrochemical measurements revealed that AS acts as mixed inhibitor, whereas CMS 0.24 mainly inhibits the anodic reaction. In both cases, the protection increased with the inhibitor concentration; nevertheless, after 24 hours of immersion, the CMS 0.24 loses its properties, while AS molecules still maintains them. XPS analyses show that the inhibitive films are composed of an iron oxide/hydroxide mixture in which starch molecules are incorporated. Results were explained taking into consideration the hydrophilicity and the strength of the ionic interaction of the starches with the metal surface.

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SynopsisIn this paper, the synthesis of different catalytic systems based on the reduction of TiCl, by Grignard compounds has been systematically studied. The catalysts exhibited the highest activities when used in the copolymerization of ethylene with n-hexene. The profile of the kinetic curves also changed when the comonomer was present during polymerization. By thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy techniques, it could be found that the incorporation of the comonomer to the polymer chain brings about a decrease in the polymer crystallinities and an increase in the porosities of the growing particles. Due to that, the diffusion of the monomer to the catalytic active centers takes place more easily, consequently increasing the polymerization rate. In addition, catalysts control better the morphology (size and shape) of the nascent polymer particles when used for copolymerization.