With increasing understanding of the importance of labor motivation in the personnel management system it is necessary to study the examples of practical implementation of personnel motivation programs that have been tested in successful companies. This work is designed to give answers to the following questions: How and what should motivate employees under the conditions of innovative business development? How is it done in Russia and around the world? What motivating programs are offered by employers today, what are their common features and fundamental differences? The main goal is to identify the best practices of motivation by using the examples of the leading foreign and Russian companies. The main conclusioneven considering the Russian specifics, one large salary is not enough in innovative conditions, therefore progressive companies introduce multifactorial motivation systems, including material and non-material components. The work is of practical value for the Russian business. The continuation of this original research can develop in two directions: "in breadth" and "in depth". In the first case a similar analysis carried out with a large sample of enterprises will reveal additional dependencies. In the second case an empirical study of the reaction to certain motivators and the ways of their implementation within a separate company is proposed.
The study is aimed at assessing the impact of several indicators of investment appeal, namely, domestic research and development expenditure and the rate of employment, on the inflow of investment to a region. The Russian regions' data were used to run factorial analysis of variance of investment in fixed assets against the variance of R&D expenditure and rate of employment: factors' influence was estimated significant with a greater impact from domestic R&D expenditure on the capital expenditure. The study proves that investors, when making decisions about investing their funds, pay attention primarily to the extent of intellectual potential development in a region, rather than to labor availability. Consequently, the strong influence of this factor on the inflow of investment makes it possible to conclude that regions that have reached the greatest level of intellectual potential development have every reason to be the most attractive for investors.
The article is devoted to investigate the problem of creation and improvement of country's infrastructure based on public-private partnership (further referred as PPP). As an object of research, authors look at public relations, that arise during the implementation of projects under the framework of the PPP law. The article considers the norms of the PPP law, as well as other laws, that regulate various aspects of agreements under PPP. As a result of conducting research, authors conclude that first of all, the difference between PPP and other forms of collaboration between the state and private sector (e.g. rent, privatization) is in its private principles, legal mechanisms and forms of realization. Such relations require a well-developed normative-legal basis. Secondly, the main idea of the stated law is not the opportunity for the private party to purchase the object of the agreement, but a wide opportunity to develop an effective form of PPP. Given this, authors point out, that the law about PPP possesses a number of features, that need to be considered alongside with various branches of legal rights. After the law was accepted, there was a need to reconsider a number of normative-legal acts of federal and regional significance in the aspect of public investment and budgetary guarantees. Given this, it is necessary to investigate the problems of public-private relations regulation in a complex manner, which will allow to define the key directions for the development of this institution.
The article is devoted to the problems associated with the formation and the improvement of accounting and analytical support framework when establishing the business entities' integrated accounting and analytical managerial system for the value analysis purposes. According to the authors' opinion, introducing the integrated accounting and analytical system is not only a certain way to improve the efficiency in the managerial decision-making sphere, but also an essential tool throughout the whole value analysis process as well as a tool to improve the qualitative measures of accounting and analytical data required for value analysis. Establishing the integrated accounting and analytical managerial system is an intensive factor to improve the whole analysis process and is intended to optimize the data flows in business entities. It also increases the analyticity of non-engineering and engineering data, that are used in value analysis group' documents set. Tools that optimizing and structuring the data flows in business entities are analyzed in this article. They are as follows: applying the managerial accounting based on financial responsibility centers and the ad hoc software-i.e., modular database that collects and processes all data from business entity's subdivisions and helps to create all types of value analysis' working papers. The pattern of managing value analysis' in-and out data flows within the integrated system is also revealed by the authors.
Today, artificial intelligence (hereinafter – AI) becomes an integral part of almost all branches of science. The ability of AI to self-learning and self-development are properties that allow this new formation to compete with the human intelligence and perform actions that put it on a par with humans. In this regard, the author aims to determine whether it is possible to apply criminal liability to AI, since the latter is likely to be recognized as a subject of legal relations in the future. Based on a number of examinations and practical examples, the author makes the following conclusion: AI is fundamentally capable of being criminally liable; in addition, it is capable of correcting its own behavior under the influence of coercive measures.
The current article examines the peculiarities and legal nature of Bitcoin, Lifecoin, Namecoin, Quark, WebMoney, Ripple and other virtual currencies. There is no single understanding of the legal essence of virtual currency in the world today; therefore, the legal status of such currencies is not officially fixed and there are no official rates of Bitcoins or other crypto currencies against national currencies. Their rate is determined in the course of trading at virtual Bitcoin exchanges and exchange platforms. Such a situation is dictated by the novelty of legal relations in the field of crypto currency circulation, the risks of their implementation, as well as security problems. The main goal of the study is to define the legal nature and features of virtual currencies and the possibilities of legislative regulation of using crypto currencies. When writing the article, the methods of collecting and studying singularities have been used, as well as generalization methods, the methods of scientific abstraction, and the methods of studying regularities. The study has concluded that it is advisable to provide for the licensing of mining and crypto trading at the international level, customers should be identified when selling and buying virtual currencies, introducing a special verification procedure for Bitcoin users will prevent the abuse of virtual currencies for money laundering and terrorism financing. As a result of the analysis, a definition has been given, and the main features and functions of the virtual currency have been highlighted. It has been proved that virtual currencies are a new kind of electronic money stored in computer memory, the monetary value of the virtual currency is managed by means of a technical device. Virtual currency is a new means of payment and does not require access to deposit accounts.
The reorganization of the world and its globalization, a new turn of migration processes led to the appearance of problems that had not previously disturbed into the modern society. Consequently, nowadays there is a need to study the historical past so that we could understand the modern trends. The origin of modern problems, phenomena, processes and, especially, their appearance can be traced using the example of economic and political systems that have existed before. In this regard, it would be especially interesting to trace the specific aspects of modern taxation, why the Eastern and European tax collection systems occurred to be different, what influenced the formation of the mechanism of tax collection in different countries in the past, and, most importantly, how the interaction of the Asian and European taxation systems created the specifics of tax collection in the "middle" countries of Eastern Europe. The presented article is devoted to the analysis of the development of the taxation system of the feudal states of Eastern Europe such as Volga Bulgaria, Ulus Dzhuchi and the Kazan vilayet in the first half of the 16th century. While comparing them with the fiscal systems of the countries of the Muslim East, using the reports of Arab-Persian travelers, information from the Russian sources and information from Khan yarlyks, the authors analyze the diversity in the evolution of the of tax system and the extortion of a huge part of the population of Eastern Europe.
Legal policy is a transformation of political goals into state programs and projects and achievement of such goals based on law. Nowadays the problem of effectiveness of legal policy is extremely discussable. We should underline that for the role of law in Russian society increases as well as a flow of legal information. Various legal acts have been adopted and the new system of legal regulation in different spheres (in particular, in politic sphere) is emerging. As the result our society, individuals and legal entities have more actively began using «Law» to solve their problems, to protect their rights, to resolve conflicts. But narrow-minded and weak legal policy with the inappropriate legislation is continuously being reflected in the unsatisfactory implementation of social, economy and etc. policies. So, the effectiveness of legal policy determines, inter alia, how effective are the legal policy entities. Some of them take part in all forms of legal policy realization, some of them are active only in particular form. This research helps to understand the peculiarities of the role of legal policy entities.
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