Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains, isolated from outbreaks during epizootics between 1992 and 1996 in Western European countries, were compared by restriction enzyme cleavage site mapping of the fusion (F) protein gene between nucleotides 334 and 1682 and by sequence analysis between nucleotides 47 and 435. Both methods revealed that NDV strains responsible for these epizootics belong to two distinct genotypes. Strains derived from sporadic cases in Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland and Austria were classified into genotype VI [6], the same group which caused outbreaks in the Middle East and Greece in the late 1960's and in Hungary in the early 1980's. In contrast, viruses that caused epizootics in Germany, Belgium, The Netherlands, Spain and Italy could be classified into a novel genotype (provisionally termed VII), hitherto undetected in Europe. It is possible that the genotype VII viruses originated in the Far East because they showed a high genetic similarity (97%) to NDV strains isolated from Indonesia in the late 1980's.

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Part of the variations in grass intake between different cattle breeds may result from differences in grazing behaviour (Funston et al, 1991 The daily grazing time and bite rate were studied in Salers and Limousin heifers, the latter being known to have the lowest growth rate in pasture. grass intake, which is slightly higher than the differences observed in dry matter intake of harvested forages (Agabriel et al, 1987).The Salers heifers seem to be less sensitive than Limousin heifers to the decrease in available herbage during the time spent in a paddock, by maintaining a higher bite rate.

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