TT is rather important to obtain definite information as to tlle condition known as "lousiness" for tile following reasons:1. At the time of writing the writer is unaware of any exact statements on wlhat really constitutes lousiness of the soldier.2. There is a necessity for establishing a standard by wlich to judge the condition of men or a unit.3. To ascertain wlhat general improvement is manifest in a unit after tile operation of methods of instruction and combating.
The account of the entomological work carried out by the writer in Southern Nigeria falls naturally into three sections, October-December 1911, January-June 1912, and June-October 1912. During the first period, work, principally on cotton pests, was carried on at the Agricultural Headquarters, Ibadan, particular attention being devoted to the Red Cotton Stainer Bug. The second period was given to travel (fig. 1), when the entomological problems of the different districts were studied on the spot, and lectures were given en route to meetings of native chiefs, native agricultural societies, schools and school teachers. The third period was spent in dealing with the insects of nursery cocoa, cotton, maize and yam. Lectures and demonstrations were given to agricultural pupils. A small amount of work with insecticides was attempted. In conjunction with the Mycologist, rules were formulated for conducting the three first Fumigatoria of the Colony.
Since the preliminary cytological work of Doncaster (1906) nothing has been recorded on the maturation of the thelytokously (female-producing) parthenogenetic saw-flies (Ten-thredinidæ). Doncaster worked with the four species now known, according to Enslin (1918), as Empria abdominalis F., E. pulverata Ritz., crœsus varus Vill., and Hemichroa crocea Geoffr., and he concluded (1907) that the chromosome number in the oocyte, polar nuclei and egg pronucleus was 8, there being two maturation divisions giving rise to an egg pronucleus and three polar nuclei. As stated in our note to Nature (1937) recent work on the thelytokously parthenogenetic species, Pristiphora pallipes Lep., by our colleague, Mr L. C. Comrie, confirms Doncaster regarding the number of maturation divisions and polar nuclei, but raises strong doubts on Doncaster's interpretations of chromosome number and behaviour. Doncaster did not make it clear whether the diploid number was 8 or 16, or whether auto regulation occurred during or after maturation. It appears probable that the real diploid number is 16, for intensive study of over twenty species of saw-flies, carried on mainly by Dr F. Greenshields in this department (unpublished work), shows that the characteristic diploid number for Tenthredinidæ is 16. Further, judging by Mr Comrie's research on Pristiphora pallipes, in which the diploid number is also found to be 16, it would appear probable that autoregulation in Doncaster's types is brought about by fusion of egg pronucleus and second polar nucleus.
This paper is a response to the British Chancellor of the Exchequer's consultation on closer integration of the operation of National Insurance contributions and income tax. Our historical research on proposals for a complete merger of the two systems enables people interested in tax reform to draw on experience and ideas of officials who grappled with issues similar to those facing us today. We show that officials identified the problem of maintaining increasing numbers of elderly people as long ago as 1950, and identify when and why the British government adopted a pay-as-you-go basis for the National Insurance Fund. We conclude that the advantages of National Insurance contributions separate from income tax are not negligible, but that a merger would be fairer than the present system. Our principal concern is that the contributory principle may raise unrealistic expectations regarding state pensions as it encourages a mistaken belief that these are paid from contributions made by pensioners in the past. We therefore recommend that the government should produce an annual statement showing how state pension liabilities are to be met. JEL codes: H55, N3.
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