After a brief review of environmental ethics this paper examines how terrestrial environmental values can be developed into policies to protect extraterrestrial environments. Shallow environmentalism, deep environmentalism and the libertarian extension of rights are compared and then applied to the environmental protection of extraterrestrial bodies. Some scientific background is given. The planet Mars is used as a test case from which an ethical argument emerges for the protection of environments beyond Earth. The argument is based on the necessity to recognise the intrinsic value of all living species and natural environments. At present, the treatment of extraterrestrial environments by makers of space policy is ethically undernourished. This paper explains why such an attitude endangers those environments and calls for the policy‐makers to incorporate non‐anthropocentric ethics into extraterrestrial environmental policy.
The development of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) spectroscopy is traced from its 1973 conception by analogy to Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectroscopy and its 1974 experimental demonstration to its 1978 demonstration as the technique of choice for examining complex ion chemistry. The intellectual connections between conventional NMR and ICR and FT-NMR are described. The theoretical prediction and experimental demonstration of the many advantageous features of FT-ICR are described. Subsequent FT-ICR technique developments and applications are mentioned briefly.
Because national nuclear waste management schemes have proven to be unsuccessful, an international nuclear waste scheme has been seriously entertained by numerous individuals and agencies. In this article I bring into question the range of motivating forces have been offered by such proponents. I conclude that the motivations for international repositories are so inflected with social, ethical and political problems that they hardly serve to contribute to a sound solution to the nuclear waste management. Copyright (c) 2005 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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