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Forty-three outpatients with DSM-IH-R (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Ed., revised; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) panic disorder were randomly assigned to receive 6 sessions of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), the same treatment but omitting the eye movement, or to a waiting list. Pbsttest comparisons showed EMDR to be more effective in alleviating panic and panic-related symptoms than the waiting-list procedure. Compared with the same treatment without the eye movement, EMDR led to greater improvement on 2 of 5 primary outcome measures at posttest. Howeva; EMDR's advantages had dissipated 3 months after treatment, thereby failing to firmly support the usefulness of the eye movement component in EMDR treatment for panic disorder.Although eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) was originally developed as a treatment for traumatic memories (Shapiro, 1989(Shapiro, , 1991, it has since been rapidly adopted for a wide variety of problems, particularly anxiety disorders other than posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; see Shapiro, 1995). In several randomized clinical trials, researchers tested EMDR's effects for PTSD-related symptoms. EMDR proved to be more beneficial than a no-treatment control (Olasov-Rothbaum, in press;Wilson, Tinker, & Becker, 1995; but see Jensen, 1994) and a placebo treatment (Scheck, Schaeffer, & Gillette, in press). Comparisons with legitimate alternative treatments for PTSD yielded largely equivocal results (Boudewyns & Hyer, in press; Boudewyns, Stwertka, Hyer, Albrecht, & Sperr, 1993;Vaughan et al., 1994). However, interventions were too brief to adequately deliver alternative treatments, not allowing us to determine with confidence whether EMDR was equivalent in efficacy to the comparison treatments. Whether EMDR is as or more beneficial than existing validated treatments for PTSD (e.g., prolonged exposure, stress inoculation

Psychometric properties of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Beck and Steer, 1990) were investigated in a sample of 82 patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraphobia. Before and after brief treatment, patients completed a battery of questionnaires and, for 2‐week periods, kept a daily panic diary in which they recorded panic attacks, fear of panic, and average anxiety. The BAI demonstrated excellent internal consistency and good test–retest reliability over a 5‐week interval. A partial multitrait, multimethod correlation matrix provided evidence of convergent validity with other measures of anxiety and of divergent validity vis á vis measures of depression. Factor analyses of pretest scores and residual gain scores used to address criticism that the BAI is excessively panic‐centric yielded mixed results. In one analysis, the BAI was loaded with multimethod measures of panic and anxiety and, in the other, with questionnaire methods of assessing anxiety and depression. However, the BAI was clearly distinguished from measures of fear of fear, a central construct in panic disorder, and agoraphobic avoidance. Finally, the BAI proved sensitive to change with treatment, yielding effect sizes for improvement comparable to those of other anxiety measures. Depression and Anxiety 6:140–146, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

In a randomized controlled trial, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) was compared with both waiting list and credible attention-placebo control groups. EMDR was significantly better than waiting list for some outcome measures (questionnaire, diary, and interview measures of severity of anxiety, panic disorder, and agoraphobia) but not for others (panic attack frequency and anxious cognitions). However, low power and, for panic frequency, floor effects may account for these negative results. Differences between EMDR and the attention-placebo control condition were not statistically significant on any measure, and, in this case, the effect sizes were generally small (eta2 = .00-.06), suggesting the poor results for EMDR were not due to lack of power. Because there are established effective treatments such as cognitive-behavior therapy for PDA, these data, unless contradicted by future research, indicate EMDR should not be the first-line treatment for this disorder.

174AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER 175 between generalized social phobia (GSP) and APD or whether these diag nostic categories are redundant. Not surprisingly, most studies find a high degree of comorbidity between DSM-III-R GSP and APD, ranging from 50%

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The thymus is routinely encountered on cross-sectional imaging studies of the chest. It has a variable appearance, undergoes dynamic changes during periods of stress, and demonstrates numerous different pathologic lesions. Understanding the imaging characteristics of these different lesions facilitates accurate radiographic diagnosis and can prevent unnecessary follow-up imaging and intervention. This article will review normal thymic anatomy and development, thymic hyperplasia and associated medical conditions, and the imaging and pathologic features of various benign and malignant thymic lesions.