This study assessed sex differences in spontaneous wheel running and maze performance in relation to puberal status in rats. No sex differences were found prepuberally in either task whereas, postpuberally, females exceeded males in wheel running and males made fewer maze errors than females. Postpuberal males and females were less active than independent groups of prepuberal males and females, respectively. Although mature females made more errors than prepuberal females, no differences were found between independent groups of pre- and postpuberal males.

The Water Level Test is a cognitive-perceptual measure of the understanding of the horizontality principle, the idea that the surface of still water is always horizontal. In that test, the subject draws a line representing the water level in several drawings of tilted containers. The tilt of the containers influenced the performance of both sexes, but women made significantly greater errors than men. For both sexes, the scores correlated with those of the Concealed Figures Test. On the U-rube Test, which is designed to assess knowledge of a simple hydrostatic principle, there was no significant sex difference. A gender-related Adjective Checklist was also administered, and all measures were intercorrelated.

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The MMPI and Crowne-Marlowe scales were administered to SO psychiatric inpatients who were grouped by levels of motivation for discharge and then randomly assigned to 1 of 2 testing conditions. For the "defensive" condition, the patients were told that the tests would determine their readiness for discharge; for the "routine" condition, they were assured that the test results would not affect their discharge date. The analysis of variance revealed significant main effects for the conditions of testing and levels of motivation on several of the standard and social desirability scales. From an analysis of interaction effects, it is concluded that Ss are more likely to dissimulate when the testing is perceived as a potential barrier to the attainment of their immediate goals.