DNA sequence information underpins genetic research, enabling discoveries of important biological or medical benefit. Sequencing projects have traditionally employed long (400–800 bp) reads, but the existence of reference sequences for the human and many other genomes makes it possible to develop new, fast approaches to re-sequencing, whereby shorter reads are compared to a reference to identify intra-species genetic variation. We report an approach that generates several billion bases of accurate nucleotide sequence per experiment at low cost. Single molecules of DNA are attached to a flat surface, amplified in situ and used as templates for synthetic sequencing with fluorescent reversible terminator deoxyribonucleotides. Images of the surface are analysed to generate high quality sequence. We demonstrate application of this approach to human genome sequencing on flow-sorted X chromosomes and then scale the approach to determine the genome sequence of a male Yoruba from Ibadan, Nigeria. We build an accurate consensus sequence from >30x average depth of paired 35-base reads. We characterise four million SNPs and four hundred thousand structural variants, many of which are previously unknown. Our approach is effective for accurate, rapid and economical whole genome re-sequencing and many other biomedical applications.

No abstract

No abstract

value, because the loss of the up-leading sensors will make it difficult to measure the reflectivity of the FBGs in the rear positions. However, by utilizing the SDM, more than one optical fiber can be connected to the interrogator. The configuration is demonstrated in Figure 1. An additional merit of this technique is that FBG sensors can be incorporated into this system and interrogated at the same time with a resolution of 1 pm. The intensity-type sensors and FBG sensors can be hybrid-interrogated if only the wavelengths of FBGs on one fiber are different. This merit would be useful when the two kinds of sensors are necessary in one measurement system. CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, a novel multiplexing method for intensity-type fiber-optic sensors based on a hybrid WDM/SDM approach is proposed and demonstrated. The sensor head is composed of two FBGs with different wavelengths and one intensity-type sensor. The loss induced by the measurand is interrogated by measuring the reflectivity of the two FBGs and by calculating the ratio. The experimental results show that the sensor in the up-leading position has no influence on the sensor in the rear position. It is anticipated that such an intensity-type of sensor could be used for a wide range of applications, in particular, as a hydrogen sensor, evanescent sensor, and chemical sensor. [5,6]. In this article, an alternative novel design of small microstripline-fed slot antenna with dual-band operations is proposed. The size of the proposed antenna can be greatly reduced by implanting grounded crossed strips in the slot of a conventional printed square slot antenna (PSSA). Although the resulting antenna size is not as small as those presented in Refs. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported by the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in the University (NCET) of China and Chinese 863 Project (2008AA04Z406[5] and [6], the design procedure presented here is relatively simple and systematic. The grounded strips can excite two resonant modes having different electric current distributions in the metal region (consisting of both the ground plane and the strips) so as to form two disjointed resonant bands. One resonant band is lower than that of the fundamental resonant mode of the corresponding conventional PSSA, and the other is higher. The center-frequency ratio of the two resonant bands can be easily adjusted by changing the dimensions of the strips. A large range of dual-frequency ratios (1.8 -2.6) can easily be obtained. An antenna prototype has been successfully designed and fabricated for 2.45/5.25 GHz dual-band (2400 -2484 MHz and 5150 -5350 MHz) WLAN applications. Figure 1 shows the geometry of the proposed microstripline-fed PSSA, where the square slot with a side length of L ϭ 22 mm is etched from the conductor of a grounded square substrate with a side length of 40 mm, a thickness of h ϭ 0.7 mm, a dielectric constant of r ϭ 4.2, and a loss tangent of tan ␦ ϭ 0.02. Connected to the two upper inner corners of the ground are two 1-mm-wide conducting strips tha...

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract