Physical inactivity is one of the most alarming health indicators in the world. Physical activity and fitness levels decline worldwide among children and adolescents. The use of electronic entertainment in Pakistan affects the activity levels of students. Objectives: To compare physical activity levels of urban and rural high school children using analytical study. Methods: A cross-section study was conducted on 200 government high school children (ages 12-16 years) in Rawalpindi city, Pakistan. Data on physical fitness were collected through different physical fitness tests and BMI by measuring height and weight. Physical activity was assessed through physical activity questionnaire (PAQ-A) and a youth physical activity questionnaire (Y-PAQ). Results: Analysis of study in term of different fitness shows that the mean score of pushups was 14.9050±8.91704, and the mean for standing vertical jump was 28.3700±5.35035. The mean of the 30-meter sprint was 4.3667±.34039, and the mean of sit and reach test was 27.7700±4.09401. The mean of the handstand was 3.8600±9.02038. Conclusions: Based on the findings, the researcher concluded that physical activity and physical fitness levels are low in rural and urban high school children. Still, there is no significant difference in physical activity and physical fitness levels between rural and urban high school children. The rural students were better in height and weight, but the BMI rate was higher in urban students.
The existing study was primarily conducted with the determination to assess the perception of athletes regarding communication skills on part of coach and its role in uplifting of athletic performance. Athletes of various activities from Punjab University (n-300) were taken as a population of the study and thus 100 athletes were selected as sample by using the available sample technique. In order to collect the required data about various perspectives of the said issue, the comprehensive questionnaire was developed and distributed among the respondents (athletes of Punjab University) and got back after filling by respondents. The gathered data were administered through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, version 26). On basis of data analysis, it was concluded that a coach as well as a trainer with good communication skills can make a coaching process easy and effective formhis/her players. Based on conclusion, it is recommended that coaches andmtrainers need to use proper communication skills for the uplifting of playermperformance.
Both estrogens and progestogens antifertility agents are used by huge number of females. Excessive use of antifertility agents caused toxic effects on body systems. Liver play its key role in the metabolic process of these toxic antifertility agents. Objective: To examine the biochemical effects of oral contraceptive pills on serum bilirubin, creatinine and antioxidants system among females. Methods: Participants of the study were categorized in to two groups i.e. control group (CG) (female using no contraceptive pills) and experimental group (EG) (females using contraceptive pills). Five (05) ml of blood was collected from each subject by vein cut and an expendable syringe. All blood samples were marked with separate identification code or mark. Ferric reducing assay protocol (FRAP) was applied for measuring oxidative stress and liver functions test (LFTs) was performed for measuring serum bilirubin and creatinine. Results: The collected data were tabulated and were analyzed by using mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage etc. through the application of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, version-26.0). Conclusions: Based on analysis the researcher draws the conclusion that oral contraceptive pills (OCP) have significant effect on serum bilirubin (p-value was 0.004), serum creatinine (p-value 0.023) and oxidative stress (p-value 0.002).
This research aimed to investigate the health problems caused by Covid-19 vaccination. The study participants were comprised of vaccinated constables of Punjab Motorway police Lahore Pakistan. Among the participants of the study, 100 respondents were conveniently selected as sample of the study. For the collection of data, the researcher developed a self-made questionnaire according the various parameters of the study and thus personally distributed by the researcher among the respondents and collected back after getting it filled by the respondents. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, Version-26). Based on analysis the researcher arrived at conclusion that various physiological and psychological health complication were reported by respondents associated with covod-19 vaccination.
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