The mechanism of protection against cholera afforded by previous illness or vaccination is currently unknown. We have recently shown that antibodies targeting O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) of Vibrio cholerae correlate highly with protection against cholera. V. cholerae is highly motile and possesses a flagellum sheathed in OSP, and motility of V. cholerae correlates with virulence. Using high-speed video microscopy and building upon previous animal-related work, we demonstrate that sera, polyclonal antibody fractions, and OSP-specific monoclonal antibodies recovered from humans surviving cholera block V. cholerae motility at both subagglutinating and agglutinating concentrations. This antimotility effect is reversed by preadsorbing sera and polyclonal antibody fractions with purified OSP and is associated with OSP-specific but not flagellin-specific monoclonal antibodies. Fab fragments of OSP-specific polyclonal antibodies do not inhibit motility, suggesting a requirement for antibody-mediated cross-linking in motility inhibition. We show that OSP-specific antibodies do not directly affect V. cholerae viability, but that OSP-specific monoclonal antibody highly protects against death in the murine cholera model. We used in vivo competitive index studies to demonstrate that OSP-specific antibodies impede colonization and survival of V. cholerae in intestinal tissues and that this impact is motility dependent. Our findings suggest that the impedance of motility by antibodies targeting V. cholerae OSP contributes to protection against cholera. IMPORTANCE Cholera is a severe dehydrating illness of humans caused by Vibrio cholerae. V. cholerae is a highly motile bacterium that has a single flagellum covered in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) displaying O-specific polysaccharide (OSP), and V. cholerae motility correlates with its ability to cause disease. The mechanisms of protection against cholera are not well understood; however, since V. cholerae is a noninvasive intestinal pathogen, it is likely that antibodies that bind the pathogen or its products in the intestinal lumen contribute to protection from infection. Here, we demonstrate that OSP-specific antibodies isolated from humans surviving cholera in Bangladesh inhibit V. cholerae motility and are associated with protection against challenge in a motility-dependent manner.

Background Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a major cause of diarrhea worldwide. Children under the age of 5 have the highest disease burden of cholera. Vibriocidal antibody responses following natural infection and oral cholera vaccination (OCV) are associated with protective immunity, but whether this holds uniformly true in young children is not known. Methods Household contacts of cholera patients are at high risk of V cholerae infection. We measured the association between baseline vibriocidal titer and the subsequent risk of infection in 50 household contacts <5 years old, 228 contacts 5–15 years old, and 548 contacts 16–70 years old in Bangladesh to determine whether vibriocidal antibody responses predict protection from V cholerae infection equally in all age groups. Results We found that the vibriocidal titer predicted protection similarly in young children and other age strata. There was no interaction between age and vibriocidal titer. Mean baseline serum vibriocidal titers were higher in individuals in all age groups who remained uninfected compared with those who developed V cholerae infection during the follow-up period. Conclusions After OCV, children have comparable vibriocidal responses to adults but a shorter duration and magnitude of protection compared with adults. In persons exposed to natural infection, we found that the vibriocidal titer predicts protection uniformly in all age groups. The vibriocidal titer may not be the optimal marker to demonstrate protection after OCV, and improved markers for estimating OCV efficacy in children are needed.

A variety of promising new treatment options for Clostridium difficile are under development, although further studies are necessary to determine the efficacy of these newer treatments for cure and preventing disease relapse.

We report a case of a complex skin and soft tissue infection caused by Scedosporium apiospermum complex and Neisseria spp. following a dog bite. While Neisseria skin and soft tissue infections after dog bites have been reported, only one case of subsequent infection caused by Scedosporium spp. has been noted in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of coinfection of these particular organisms following a dog bite.