The inconsistency of the Indian monsoon has constantly threatened the country’s food production, especially key food crops such as rice. Crop planning measures based on rainfall patterns during the rice-growing season can significantly improve the sustainable water usage for water-intensive crops such as rice. This study examines the variability of Indian monsoonal rainfall in rainfed and irrigated rice-cultivating regions to improve rainfall utilization and irrigation water-saving practices. Two distinct rice-growing conditions in southern peninsular India are chosen for this study. The preliminary seasonal rainfall analysis (1951–2015) showed anomalies in the Sadivayal (rainfed rice) region compared to the Karaikal (irrigated rice). The dry-spell analysis and weekly rainfall classification suggested shifting the sowing date to earlier weeks for the Thaladi season (September–February) and Kar season (May–September) to avoid exposure to water stress in Sadivayal. Harvesting of excess rainwater during the wet weeks is proposed as a mitigation strategy for Karaikal during the vegetative stage of the Kuruvai season (June–October) and Late Thaladi season (October–February), where deficit rainfall is expected. Results showed that an adaptation strategy of early sowing is the most sustainable measure for rainfed rice cultivation. However, harvesting the excess rainwater is an ideal strategy to prevent water stress during deficient rainfall periods in irrigated rice farming. This comparative study proposes a comprehensive rainfall analysis framework to develop sustainable water-efficient rice cultivation practices for the changing rainfall patterns.
The two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT), which is essentially a gravity-assisted wickless heat pipe, utilizes the evaporation and condensation of the working fluid inside the TPCT to transport heat. This experimental study was carried out to understand the thermal performance of circular finned thermosyphon using nanofluid with alcohol and was analyzed, compared with alcohol and base fluid DI water. The concentration of nanoparticle used in this setup was 110mg/lit of TiO2combined with 0.2 ml of ethylene glycol. The heat input (Q) were 10W, 12W, 14 W and 16 W and the orientation 30°, 45°, 60° and 90°.The results demonstrate that TiO2nanofluid with 0.2 ml of ethylene glycol improves the performance through reduction in thermal resistance by 85.86%.
Heat pipe operates, with a metallic wick (or grooved) installed inside the pipe, containing fluid under a pressure which permits evaporated vapour at the hot side to fill the core of the pipe and travel to the cooled side. The vapour condenses at cold side, transporting heat by this method. This study focuses on the heat transfer performance of flat type internally grooved heat pipe with two different working fluids DI water and TiO 2 nano fluid, used with various heat input (50, 60, 70 and 80W) and at two different orientation 45deg and 90deg of the pipe. The fill ratio used was 50% and 70%, concentration and the size of the nano particle were 80 mg/lit and 30 nm respectively. In this setup, the condenser section of the Flat Type Heat Pipe (FTHP) was cooled by rectangular aluminum fins. The result shows that the decisive factors of FTHP are the working fluids, internal grooves and inclination angle. The relatively high rate of heat transfer was achieved while using TiO 2 nano fluid at 90deg orientation with a fill ratio of 50% compared to FTHP with DI water.
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