This study was carried out to determine the effects of additive feeding with pollen and water on honey yield, colony population, winter loses and wintering ability of colonies in pine honey production season in Muğla province of Turkey. Total twenty honeybee colonies had similar physiological pattern (queen age, genotype, amount of adult worker bees (number of frames covered with adult worker bees), sealed brood areas (cm 2 ) and food stocks) were used and randomly divided into four groups. Three of them were fed extra with pollen+water, pollen and water. The control colonies were not given additive foods. Honey yield in pollen+water, pollen, water and control groups were found to be 24.2±1.1, 17.3±0.8, 16.3±1.0 and 12.0±0.6 kg/colony respectively. Group means were statistically significant. From September 25 to February 15 (wintering), losses of the adult worker bees in pollen+water, pollen, water and control groups were 50%, 69%, 68% and 82%, decrease of sealed brood areas in the groups were 48%, 66%, 68% and 85%, respectively. Wintering ability of pollen+water, pollen, water and control groups were found to be 92.1±3.2, 70.4±17.8, 67.1±16.7 and 51.0±21.2% respectively. The results showed that additive feeding in pine honey production season, especially feeding with both pollen+water provided nearly 100% more honey production and 80% better wintering ability than the control group. In addition, feeding with only pollen or water had similar positive effect (approximately 40%) better than control group
Bu çalışmanın amacı dünyada en fazla bal üretimi yapılan Çin, Türkiye ve İran’da yıllara göre bal üretim miktarının yapay sinir ağları (YSA) ile modellenmesi ve öngörü yapılmasıdır. Çalışma, Türkiye için 1961-2021, Çin ve İran için 1961-2020 dönemine ait verileri kapsamaktadır. YSA yönteminde aktivasyon fonksiyonu olarak Hiperbolik Tanjant Fonksiyonu kullanılmıştır. Geliştirilen modelin etkinliği Hata Kareler Ortalaması (MSE) ve Mean Average Error (MAE) gibi istatistiklerle belirlenmiştir. Çin, Türkiye ve İran’da bal üretim modellemesi için MSE değerleri sırasıyla 658081803, 21877686 ve 11754352 iken, MAE değerleri ise sırasıyla 19982, 3803 ve 2854 elde edilmiştir. YSA ile elde edilen öngörü sonuçlarına göre bal üretim miktarı 2021-2030 yılları arasında Çin’de 536651-543767 ton ve İran’da 77486-81501 ton, Türkiye’de ise 2022-2030 yılları arasında 106772-112778 ton olacağı beklenmektedir. Bu ülkelerde bal üretim miktarının inişli çıkışlı halinde devam ederek bugünkü üretimden daha fazla olacağı umulmaktadır. YSA yönteminin üretim modellemesinde başarılı sonuçlar verdiği görülmüştür.
It has been done conditioning experience by observing proboscis eject reflections (PER) and sting ejections (SER) on honey bees. Today, many scientists have showed that honey bees can be used by conditioning for the determination of events such as narcotics, mines, diseases, magnetic fields in the experiment (test). Saturated atmosphere spray and touching methods have been mostly used for studying of proboscis eject reflections (PER). This study was done with different honey bee races and ecotypes and in this study, aromatic plant extract containing 50 cc of atmospheric scent were used for saturated atmosphere sprey's conditioning method. The worker bees in the conditioning chamber have been presented by injecting to head level from the 5 centimeter distance approximately in 3 seconds and then they have been rewarded with a syrup mixture of containing a split a (1/1 w/w) sugar and water. In the touching conditioning method, by the touching of worker – bee, antennas with a wooden toothpick dips to oil aromatic plant extract. A single toothpick has been used for every worker bee that has been recorded whether it has showed or not proboscis eject reflections (PER) by repeating tree times of these processes with a quarter breaks. In the experiment, it has been observed that all the races and ecotypes of honey bees used in the experiment have showed conditioning in both two methods in the statistical analysis of the recorded data. An important difference has been observed in the conditioning and remembering among the application methods. At the end of the experiment, it has been observed that touching application has more conditioning and remembering rates than saturated spray application in conditioning and remembering. In statistical meaning, these two applications have occurred in two different groups.
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