Background: acute poisoning is exposure to a poison on one occasion or during a short period. The toxic effects can occur immediately or within hours of exposure. It is an essential medical emergency, which can be due to accidental or suicidal exposure causing significant mortality and morbidity. Aim of the work: to study the pattern of acute toxicity among adult patients admitted to nectr. Subjects and methods: it is a prospective cross-sectional analytical study that included 106 patients admitted due to acute poisoning. Patients of both sexes and 18 years or older were involved in assessing the pattern of toxicity. Results: the most common age group was 18 to 29 years (67%). Females represented most cases (63.2%) in comparison to males, and most of the cases were from urban regions (71.4%). Suicide was the most common manner of poisoning (77.5%), the oral route of poisoning represented the highest percentage of cases (88.5%), and most of them were admitted within 2 to 4 hours (44.3%). Pesticides were the commonest substances in studied cases (34%). Conclusion and recommendations: strict guidelines for the selling and using of pesticides should be enforced. Patients with suicide attempts should be referred to a psychiatry clinic.
Background: Methotrexate (MTX) is widely used as a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent for malignancies as well as in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. MTX treatment has been associated with hepatic toxicity and genotoxicity. The current study was conducted to assess the potential protective role of N-acetylcysteine in attenuation of methotrexate-induced hepatic damage and genotoxicity in MTX intoxicated male albino rats.Methods: Forty, apparently healthy adult male albino rats weighed 150+10 gm were randomly divided into four groups; [group 1: negative control group, group 2: positive control (NAC treated) group, group 3: MTX treated group, group 4: MTX/NAC treated group]. The rats were treated once daily for 12 weeks by I.V injection of Methotrexate in a dose of 2 mg/kg ( 1 / 7 LD 50 ) and N-acetylcysteine in a dose of 80 mg/kg ( 1 / 14 LD 50 ) in the tail veins of rats. Blood samples were obtained at the end of the 4 th , 8 th and 12 th weeks and were prepared for ALT levels and BAX gene expression value examination. At the end of the study, liver samples were obtained for histopathological examination.Results: A significant constant increase in ALT levels and BAX gene expression value of the MTX-treated group (group 3) was observed throughout the study. Supplementation of NAC concomitantly with MTX in group 4 reduced significantly ALT levels and BAX gene expression value when compared to the non-supplemented group 3 that treated with MTX at the 4 th , 8 th and 12 th weeks (P< 0.000).The previous chemical results were confirmed by the histopathological studies of the liver that revealed the presence of dilatation and congestion of the central veins, hepatic sinusoids, hepatic arteries, portal veins with increased number of Kupffer cells and pyknosis of the hepatic nuclei in group 3: MTX treated group. On the other hand, the liver sections showed the normal hepatic architectures with addition of NAC with MTX in group 4.Conclusion: The present study showed that NAC has a good protective effect against the hepatic damage and genotoxicity induced by MTX in male albino rats.
Background: Methotrexate (MTX) is widely used as a cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agent for malignancies as well as in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. MTX treatment has been associated with renal toxicity. The current study was conducted to assess the potential protective role of N-acetylcysteine and/or melatonin in attenuation of methotrexate-induced renal damage in MTX intoxicated male albino rats.Methods: sixty, apparently healthy adult male albino rats weighed 150+10 gm were randomly divided into six groups; (group 1: negative control group, group 2: positive control (NAC treated) group, group 3: positive control (Melatonin treated) group, group 4: MTX treated group, group 5: MTX/NAC treated group, group 6: MTX/Melatonin treated group). The rats were treated once daily for 12 weeks by I.V injection of Methotrexate in a dose of 2 mg/kg ( 1 / 7 LD 50 ), N-acetylcysteine in a dose of 80 mg/kg ( 1 / 14 LD 50 ) and Melatonin: in a daily dose of 10 mg/kg ( 1 / 36 LD 50 ) in the tail veins of rats and blood samples were obtained at the end of the 4 th , 8 th and 12 th weeks and were prepared for Creatinine examination. At the end of the study, kidney samples were obtained for histopathological examination.Results: A significant constant increase in the creatinine of the MTX-treated group (group 4) was observed throughout the study. Supplementation of NAC concomitantly with MTX in group 5 reduced significantly creatinine when compared to the non-supplemented group 4 that treated with MTX at the 4 th , 8 th and 12 th weeks. On the other hand, the use of the melatonin in combination with MTX in group 6 produced minimal non-significant reduction of the creatinine level relative to group 4 at the 4 th , 8 th and 12 th weeks (P>0.05). The previous chemical results were confirmed by the histopathological studies of the kidney that revealed maximal affection of the renal cortex in the MTX-treated rats (group 4). Kidney histopathologic findings were significantly milder when NAC was co-administered with MTX in groups 5. Meanwhile, deterioration of the renal cortical structure was observed in the MTXmelatonin treated rats (group 6).Conclusion: The present study showed that NAC has a superior protective effect than Melatonin against the renal damage induced by MTX in male albino rats.
weighting, all covariates were balanced in each comparison, with mean age 45 and 94% female; glucocorticoids were used by 56% of patients. Belimumab was associated with a lower incidence of severe infection (HR 0.81 [95% CI 0.72-0.92]) and hospitalization for infection (HR 0.73 [95% CI 0.57-0.94]) than was azathioprine through 5 years of use (table 2). Findings were similar for the other medication comparisons (figure 1). There was no difference in the risk of injury/ trauma. Conclusions In this large cohort of patients with non-renal SLE, after rigorous propensity score overlap weighting to balance multiple covariates, belimumab was associated with a lower risk of severe infection and hospitalizations due to severe infection compared to several comparative oral immunosuppressants. This finding should inform risk/benefit considerations for SLE treatment.
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