Lipoxins and resolvins have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions and accumulating evidence indicates that these lipid mediators also attenuate pain-like behavior in a number of experimental models of inflammation and tissue injury-induced pain. The present study was undertaken to assess if spinal administration of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) or 17 (R)-resolvin D1 (17(R)-RvD1) attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity in the carrageenan model of peripheral inflammation in the rat. Given the emerging role of spinal cytokines in the generation and maintenance of inflammatory pain we measured cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after LXA4 or 17(R)-RvD1 administration, and the ability of these lipid metabolites to prevent stimuli-induced release of cytokines from cultured primary spinal astrocytes. We found that intrathecal bolus injection of LXA4 and17(R)-RvD1 attenuated inflammation-induced mechanical hypersensitivity without reducing the local inflammation. Furthermore, both LXA4 and 17(R)-RvD1 reduced carrageenan-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release in the CSF, while only 17(R)-RvD1attenuated LPS and IFN-γ-induced TNF release in astrocyte cell culture. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that lipoxins and resolvins potently suppress inflammation-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, possibly by attenuating cytokine release from spinal astrocytes. The inhibitory effect of lipoxins and resolvins on spinal nociceptive processing puts them in an intriguing position in the search for novel pain therapeutics.

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relatively short follow-up, the low sample size and the long-lasting response to the adalimumab originator at the time of the shift for many patients, the results are in line with previous comparability studies 1,3,4,5 and demonstrate that the biosimilar adalimumab has shown not to be less effective than the originator and the transition to biosimilar adalimumab in psoriasis patients treated with the originator is a safe and effective choice in a real-life setting of moderate to severe psoriasis patients as previously observed in other biologic treatments, in particular infliximab. 6 The only difference we observed was a significant worsening of the assessment of pain in a subpopulation of patients with BMI> 25 between T0 and T1 suggesting the need of further evaluations and objective data, also with a multi-specialist team.

genetic retrieval and multispectral cutaneous imaging, have the potential to be combined with machine-learning algorithms to further improve diagnostic performance. 10 This deep learning algorithm trained on dermoscopic images of pigmented lesions can provide accurate support to guide decision-making about the need for biopsy. This approach may be more useful than algorithms that attempt to directly distinguish melanoma from benign lesions and may be particularly useful for inexperienced clinicians whose diagnostic performance is inferior to that of the expert practitioner. The goal of truly human-like artificial intelligence remains distant, and this algorithm is limited by misclassification of some lesions that clearly appear to be atypical to human observers and a lack of interpretability.

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