At recent times, rapid urbanization growth occurs in numerous cities, thus this creates many issues, leading to local ecological degradation. So, an evaluation tool has been proposed to measure this ecological balance issue (EBI) to assess the urban sustainability of a city which is an Ecological Footprint Analysis (EFA) tool. This paper aims to measure the imbalance of consumption/production of built-up land in Alexandria city by using the EFA tool. In order to assess a holistic picture of the urban sustainability of built-up land, the researcher collected all the relevant data during this time-series (2005-2019) from the local authorities. In the accounts of ecological footprint (EF), the parameters of built-up land are set as equal to those of cropland, based on the assumption that built-up land is totally converted from cropland. However, built-up land may be derived from other types of land use, but the cropland ranks as the most productive use. So, one of the objectives of this paper is to compare between the builtup land and cropland to ascertain the extent of loss on cropland. The researcher concludes that the Ecological Footprint (EF) of built-up land is larger than the bio-capacity (BC) of built-up land, resulting in an existing ecological balance issue (ecological deficit), this can be considered as urban unsustainable pattern. Consequently, the researcher has been suggested guidelines and recommendations responding to the final results of measurements so that more decisions can be taken to move towards the urban sustainability progress by observing the local realities for Alexandria's vision of 2050.
In this paper, we propose a fractional generalization of the well-known Laguerre differential equation. We replace the integer derivative by the conformable derivative of order 0 < α < 1. We then apply the Frobenius method with the fractional power series expansion to obtain two linearly independent solutions of the problem. For certain eigenvalues, the infinite series solution truncate to obtain the singular and non-singular fractional Laguerre functions. We obtain the fractional Laguerre functions in closed forms, and establish their orthogonality result. The applicability of the new fractional Laguerre functions is illustrated.
With fast urbanization, numerous cities are confronting different environmental issues, leading to local environmental degradation. It is basic to make a scientific assessment so that convenient solutions can be proposed by looking at the local realities. Numerous assessment strategies have been suggested such as emerge analysis, material flow analysis, data development analysis and ecological footprint analysis. Among them, ecological footprint analysis (EFA) has been implemented as a useful analytical and planning tool for assessing urban sustainability in numerous cities. The aim of this research is to use one of the EFA components that is the built-up land footprint (EFBuilt-up land) to evaluate the sustainability in Alexandria, Egypt, in terms of settlements. In order to assess a sophisticated picture of EFBuilt-up land of Alexandria, the researchers will collect all relevant data for the years 2005 to 2017 and calculate the EFBuilt-up land and BCBuilt-up land during this time-series (2005-2017). The research concludes that the Alexandria's EFBuilt-up land exceeds its bio-capacity (BCBuilt-up land), resulting in an ecological deficit (EFD). Consequently, the element of built-up land in Alexandria is considered an unsustainable system. Finally, the researcher will propose guidelines to respond to the findings so that the city can shift towards a sustainable evolution direction for Alexandria's vision of 2050.
Egypt has been facing environmental degradation which is not only impacting the quality of life but also the country's ability to achieve its sustainable development plans as delineated in its Vision 2030. Most notably, there is a significant strain on land resources resulting in cropland degradation and losses. Furthermore, there are unsustainable waste management practices as the treatment and disposal of waste remain a problem in Egypt. To this end, this paper attempts to estimate the environmental damage costs for land degradation and waste management for Egypt in 2020. The process and methodology for the rapid Assessment of the Economic Costs of Environmental Degradation (COED) utilized in this paper is based essentially on the methodology developed by the World Bank Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP). The results of the rapid COED presented in this paper could be used as an instrument for integrating environmental issues into economic and social development planning in Egypt. Furthermore, it could help improve the process of environmental priority setting to achieve reductions in the overall cost of environmental degradation in Egypt.
Cost of Environmental Degradation (COED) is considered one of the main environmental performance indicators that provides degradation values per environmental category. The results of the COED could help inform decision-maker choices and improve the sustainable and growth strategies' outcomes. This paper sets out to produce a rapid COED for Egypt for the year 2020 for air and water as the two main environmental categories that impact the quality of life of Egyptians. As the first COED estimates for Egypt date back to the early 2000s, and partial COEDs were carried out in the 2010s, this paper would update the results for the most recent years for which data are available as means of determining the trends in environmental degradation and the specific areas of air and water where sustainable environmental management is most needed. Also, the results of the COED provide Egyptian policymakers with an important tool to support them in making informed choices and better integrate the environment into economic development decisions.
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