Handling depression is one of the greatest challenges facing pregnant women across the globe. The level of antenatal depression and anxiety has a prevalence rate of above five percent but less than twelve. Escalated depression has been associated with increasing maternal and infant mortality because of the development of secondary disorders such as preeclampsia and other obstetric-related conditions. The objective of this review was to determine the relationship that exists between depression and anxiety and preeclampsia in early pregnancy. The present paper draws conclusions on the etiology and potential predisposing factors of preeclampsia based on the studies consulted which ascertained the existence of a correlation between antenatal anxiety and depression and preeclampsia which should serve as the baseline for the assessment of the pathogenesis and future direction, the existing literature has
Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship between psychological empowerment and intrapreneurship at the Individual- Level. Theoretical framework: This study proposes a model that integrates psychological empowerment and its dimensions (meaning, competence, self -determination, and impact) with intrapreneurship at the Individual- Level. Design/methodology/approach: A quantitative research approach was adopted to test the research hypotheses. The data were collected by administrating a questionnaire to a sample of (450) employees in the private sector in Saudi Arabia. Findings: The regression analysis results confirm that psychological empowerment and its attributes (meaning, competence, self -determination, and impact) are correlated positively with intrapreneurship at the Individual- Level. Research, Practical & Social implications: Examining psychological empowerment and its dimensions as determinants of intrapreneurship can provide a better insight to understand the underlying mechanism of stimulating intrapreneurship at the individual- level. This would contribute significantly in creating a supportive work environment that stimulates intrapreneurship, and reinforces creativity and innovative thinking among employees. Originality/value: This study can be considered the first to be conducted in the context of Saudi Arabia to test the relationship between psychological empowerment and intrapreneurship at the Individual- Level. Additionally, this study aim to enrich the knowledge on intrapreneurial behavior by investigating intrapreneurship at the individual level using the psychological perspective
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