Objective: Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is characterized by somatic symptoms that are very distressing or cause considerable functional disability. SSD is associated with various medical and psychiatric conditions and imposes high costs on the patient's health care system. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of SSD are crucial. The Somatic Symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8) is a valuable and brief self-report questionnaire to assess somatic symptom burden. The current study aimed to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of SSS-8 in depressed samples. Methods: Data were drawn from a clinical setting with individuals diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD, N = 122). convergent validity of SSS-8 was examined by assessing correlations with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Whiteley index (WI-14), and Somatic Symptom Disorder–B Criteria Scale (SSD-12) questionnaires. Results: Cronbach's alpha results confirmed the reliability of SSS-8. Reliability assessment with test-retest showed excellent reliability for scale. The CFA also approved the SSS-8 single-factor structure. The results of construct validity analysis of the questionnaire showed that SSS-8 has a positive and significant relationship with depression, anxiety, WI, and SSS-12. conclusion: The Persian version of the SSS-8 is an 8-item self-report questionnaire that health professionals and researchers can use to assess and screen somatic symptoms in individuals diagnosed with MDD.
Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the object relations and core conflictual relationship theme in depressed patients while comparing them with normal individuals. Methods: Thirty people with major depressive disorder and thirty normal individuals were selected using the convenience sampling method via structured clinical interviews (SCID-I & SCID-II) and the psychiatric symptoms checklist (SCL-90-R) based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Bell Object Relations Inventory (BORI) and Central Relationship Questionnaire (CRQ) were used to investigate the study variables. The data were analyzed by multivariate variance analysis. Results: The multivariate analysis of variance showed a significant difference between the depressed and the normal groups in the four subscales of object relationships (egocentricity, insecure attachment, social incompetence, and alienation). Findings of the Central Relationship Questionnaire (CRQ) indicate that depressed patients in all three components of wishes (higher tendency toward aggression and reluctance to intimacy), the response from the other (RO) (perception of significant others being annoying and not receiving love from them) and the Response of Self (RS) (distance and a lack of sense of independence and success) had a significant difference and a higher mean compared to the normal group. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicated that the style of object relationships and some core conflictual relationship themes in depressed patients is pathological, and these patients can be treated by identifying these styles and themes in therapeutic interventions.
Introduction: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS ( is a prevalent gastrointestinal dysfunction characterised by chronic abdominal pain and changes in bowel movement. Unified protocol is based on emotion regulations skills and can be used for a wide range of emotional disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of unified protocol on Symptoms, Quality of Life, Negative Affect and Negative Reactivity in IBS patient's in comorbidity with anxiety and depression. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental study with a control group (n = 13) and an intervention group (n = 12) with random assignment and pre-test post-test with a three-month follow-up after treatment. In this study, the population included all of the patients with irritable bowel syndrome and the sample included the patients referring to Taleghani Hospital in 2020. Data were analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The results of repeated measures ANOVA indicated that the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, anxiety, depression, negative affect, and fear of emotions, anxiety sensitivity, repetitive negative thinking, and the quality of life in the intervention group reduced over time compared to the control group and the difference between the means of two groups was statistically significant. Discussion and conclusion: In general, the results of this study showed that the unified protocol is effective on gastrointestinal symptoms and accompanying anxiety, depression symptoms and it can reduce both the symptoms of negative affect and the negative reactivity to emotions and also improve the quality of life of patients.
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