Bio-based polymers are a class of polymers made by living organisms, a few of them known and commercialized yet. Due to poor mechanical strength and economic constraints, they have not yet seen the extensive application. Instead, they have been an appropriate candidate for biological applications. Growing consumer knowledge of the environmental effect of polymers generated from petrochemical sources and a worldwide transition away from plastics with a lifespan of hundreds of years has resulted in greater interest in such hitherto unattainable sectors. Bio-based polymers come in various forms, including direct or “drop-in” replacements for their petrochemical counterparts with nearly identical properties or completely novel polymers that were previously unavailable, such as polylactide. Few of these bio-based polymers offer significantly improved technical specifications than their alternatives. Polylactic acid (PLA) has been well known in the last decade as a biodegradable thermoplastic source for use in 3DP by the “fused deposition modeling” method. The PLA market is anticipated to accomplish 5.2 billion US dollars in 2020 for its industrial usage. Conversely, 3DP is one of the emerging technologies with immense economic potential in numerous sectors where PLA is one of the critical options as the polymer source due to its environmentally friendly nature, glossiness, multicolor appearance, and ease of printing. The chemical structure, manufacturing techniques, standard features, and current market situation of PLA were examined in this study. This review looks at the process of 3DP that uses PLA filaments in extrusion-based 3DP technologies in particular. Several recent articles describing 3D-printed PLA items have been highlighted.
The environment has rapidly looked at proven specialist task forces in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic to build public health policies and measures to mitigate the effects of emerging coronaviruses. According to the researchers, taking 10 μg of 25-hydroxy vitamin D daily is recommended to keep us safe. There have been several studies recently indicating that there is a reduced risk of contracting Coronavirus by 25-hydroxy vitamin D consumption, even though there is no scientific data to prove that one would not affect the COVID-19 viral infection by 25-hydroxy vitamin D consumption. In this regard, the present study investigates the important literature and the role of 25-hydroxy vitamin D to prevent COVID-19 infection by conducting an in-silico study with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as a target. Lopinavir, a previously reported drug candidate, served as a reference standard for the study. MD simulations were carried out to improve predictions of receptor-ligand complexes which offer novelty and strength to the current study. MD simulation protocols were explored and subjected to 25-hydroxy vitamin D and a known drug, Lopinavir. Comparison of ligands at refined models to the crystal structure led to promising results. Appropriate timescale simulations have been used to understand the activation mechanism, the role of water networks for receptor function, and the ligand binding process. Furthermore, MD simulations in combination with free energy calculations have also been carried out for lead optimization, evaluation of ligand binding modes, and assessment of ligand selectivity. From the results, 25-hydroxy vitamin D was discovered to have the vital interaction and highest potency in LBE, lower RMSD, and lower inhibition intensity similar to the standard. The findings from the current study suggested that 25-hydroxy vitamin D would be more effective in treating COVID-19. Compared with Lopinavir, 25-hydroxy vitamin D had the most potent interaction with the putative binding sites of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein of COVID-19.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused due to the damage and loss of neurons in specific brain regions. It is the most common form of dementia observed in older people. The symptoms start with memory loss and gradually cause the inability to speak and do day‐to‐day activities. The cost of caring for those affected individuals is huge and is probably beyond most developing countries capability. Current pharmacotherapy for AD includes compounds that aim to increase neurotransmitters at nerve endings. This can be achieved by cholinergic neurotransmission through inhibition of the cholinesterase enzyme. The current research aims to find natural substances that can be used as drugs to treat AD. The present work identifies and explains compounds with considerable Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities. The pigment was extracted from the Penicillium mallochii ARA1 () strain using ethyl acetate, and the active compound was identified using chromatographic techniques followed by structural confirmation with NMR. AChE inhibition experiments, enzyme kinetics, and molecular dynamics simulation studies were done to explain the pharmacological and pharmacodynamic properties. We identified that the compound sclerotiorin in the pigment has AChE inhibitory activity. The compound is stable and can bind to the enzyme non‐competitively. Sclerotiorin obeys all the drug‐likeliness parameters and can be developed as a promising drug in treating AD.
Aquasomes are nanobiopharmaceutical carrier devices having a polyhydroxyl oligomeric layer surrounding them and a nanocrystalline calcium phosphate or ceramic diamond particle core. Aquasomes are spherical spheres with a diameter of 60-300 nanometers that are used to deliver medications and antigens. Because of qualities such as protection and preservation of delicate biological molecules, conformational integrity, and surface exposure, it was an excellent carrier mechanism delivering bioactive molecules such as peptides, proteins, hormones, antigens, and genes to specific sites. The most common core materials used to manufacture aquasomes are tin oxide, nanocrystalline carbon ceramics (diamonds), and brushite (calcium phosphate dihydrate). Calcium phosphate is the focus of attention due to its natural function in the body. Brushite is an acidic mineral that converts into hydroxyapatite after being stored for a long time. As a consequence, hydroxyapatite seems to be a more powerful centre for aquasome preparation. It’s often used in the design of drug-delivery implants. A putative artificial oxygen-carrying mechanism has been found as hemoglobin-loaded aquasomes with a hydroxyapatite core. Because of their structural integrity, aquasomes have been employed as red blood cell substitutes, vaccines for delivering viral antigen (Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus) to elicit appropriate antibodies, and a targeted technique for intracellular gene therapy. Due to their enzyme activity and responsiveness to molecular conformation, aquasomes were created as a new carrier for enzymes such as DNAses and pigment/dyes. The challenges of retaining the conformational integrity and biochemical functioning of immobilised surface pairs, as well as the integration of these principles into a single functional composition, are described in this article.
Cubosomes are nanoparticles that are square or rounded and have internal cubic lattices. Cubosomes are a one-of-a-kind creation that combines food science, differential geometry, biological membranes, and digestion into a single entity. Because of its discovery and nomination, self-assembled cubosomes have developed in appeal as excellent drug delivery methods. Cubosomes are thermodynamically stable and contain a honeycomb-like structure of bicontinuous water and lipid domains. It is produced into bilayers inside the surfactant and wrapped into a three-dimensional, intermittent, and minimum surface, resulting in a densely packed structure. The material is a bicontinuous cubic liquid crystalline form that is optically clear and very viscous, with a unique composition in the nanometer range. Overall, cubosomes are critical in nano drug preparations for melanoma treatment because to their intrinsic benefits, which include higher surface area and cuboidal structures, which allow for larger drug payloads. They’re easy to make, and their biodegradability allows them to encapsulate hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and amphiphilic chemicals while releasing bioactive substances in a regulated manner. Dispersion of biocompatible and bioadhesive cubosomes Cubosomes are tiny structures that may be administered in a variety of methods, including oral, percutaneous, and parenteral, due to their features. Cubosomes have a wide range of uses and are represented by a number of characteristics. As a result, cubosomes are gaining in popularity in the pharmaceutical testing industry.
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