Increased environmental pollution due to the organic wastes over the world is one of the most burning issues. These organic wastes lie under the category of biodegradable waste and can be effectively degraded from their complex compound into simple one by the action of microbes or other living organisms. Moreover, lignocellulosic biomass is a major part of the biodegradable waste and belongs to the group of renewable energy source, which can be very effective for bioenergy production. Biomasses are made up of different compounds such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin and protein. Apart from these components, based on the structural analysis biomass also consist of bioactive substances such as carotenoids, flavonoids, lignin and antioxidants. This review explores a complete overview of the classification, component and the structure of the biomass. Moreover, it discusses how biomasses can play the key role of substrate in many sectors such as industrial bioenergy production including gaseous and liquid biofuels.
A field experiment was conducted in an Aquic hapludoll at D7 block of Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar (29° N Latitude and 79°29’ E Longitude), as the per technical program of All India Coordinated Research Project on Soil Test Crop Response Correlation to study the effect of soil and applied nutrients on chickpea to ensure balanced fertilization. Response to selected combinations of three levels of FYM (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1), four levels of nitrogen (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg ha-1 ), four levels of phosphorus (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and four levels of potassium (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg K2O ha-1) at different fertility levels of chickpea was studied. Basic data for fertilizer prescription was computed on the basis of soil analysis, nutrient uptake and grain yield. Nutrient requirement for production of one quintal of grain yield of chickpea was found to be 4.41 kg nitrogen, 0.62 kg phosphorus and 2.53 kg potassium. Percent contribution of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium was 37.05, 72.16 and 35.61, from soil, whereas from other sources as FYM was 68.31, 16.15 and 37.20 percent; chemical fertilizer 160.01, 16.79 and 93.51 and conjoint joint use of chemical fertilizer with FYM 64, 15.57 and 95.22 in terms of N, P and K respectively. Fertilizer prescription equations were generated by these basic data. These fertilizer prescription equations are valuable for efficient and judicious use of costly fertilizers to improve farmer’s economic conditions.
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