The purpose of this paper is to understand how transformational leadership is related to psychological empowerment and how it affects happiness index in a followers life. A total of 103 employees from various Indian information technology organizations rated their superiors transformational leadership behavior and their own empowerment and happiness. For this study, two dimensions of empowerment were taken into consideration meaning and competence. Five dimensions of transformational leadership were captured-idealised influence attributed, idealised influence behavior, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Findings suggest that idealised influence attributed and competence are the best predictors of happiness. Regression analyses also show that both competence and meaning partially mediate the relationship between each of the five dimensions of transformational leadership and followers happiness. The paper makes recommendations to managers and organizations for improving their leadership styles, which in turn may strengthen positive attitudinal and behavioral changes among employees, thereby making them more productive.
Introduction and Aim: Herbal medicine have been used to treat several ailments since decades. Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni belongs to the family Sapotaceae which is widely found around the world. In folk medicine, various parts of P. campechiana is used to treat various illness. Inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase enzymes can be an important strategy in management of postprandial blood glucose level in non-insulin dependent diabetic patient. Hence, present study focused to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic activity of leaf and fruit methanolic extract of Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni. Materials and Methods: Methanolic extract of P. campechiana leaf (PCL) and fruit (PCF) was screened by biochemical assay such as ?-amylase inhibition activity by CNPG3 method (2-chloro-p-nitrophenyl-?-D-maltotrioside) and ?- glucosidase inhibition activity and in vitro cellular assay such as glucose uptake assay in 3T3-L1 cell line. Results: Methanolic extract of P. campechiana leaf and fruit showed inhibition of ??Amylase and ??Glucosidase enzymes. The methanolic extract of P. campechiana leaf and fruit at varying concentrations (?g/ml), did not exhibit cytotoxicity against 3T3-L1 cell line after 24 hours of incubation. The test compounds PCL and PCF induced the uptake of 2?(N?(7?Nitrobenz?2?oxa?1,3?diazol?4?yl) Amino) ? 2?Deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) in 3T3L1 cells. PCF and PCL both showed almost similar activity of standard drug, Metformin at higher concentrations. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be concluded that methanolic leaf and fruit extract of P. campechiana possess antidiabetic activity.
Medicinal plants have been used to treat various illnesses for decades. The present study supports the physicochemical, phytochemical, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the methanolic extract of Pouteria campechiana leaves and fruits, in order to propose that the bona fide plant material is suitably for traditional use. The physicochemical evaluations and fluorescence analysis were determined according to standard protocols. The phytochemical constituents were carried out by both qualitative and quantitative methods. The GC-MS analysis was carried out to identify the compounds present. The physicochemical parameters revealed that the total ash content of P. campechiana leaves is more than the fruit. The water-soluble ash value of P. campechiana leaves is less than the acid-soluble ash value of the leaf, but the water-soluble ash value of P. campechiana fruit is greater than the acid-soluble ash value of the fruit. The water-extractive value of P. campechiana leaves and fruit is better when compared to the alcohol-extractive value. Moisture content, swelling index, and foaming index were found to be greater in the leaves than the fruit. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of various phytoconstituents. Quantitative analysis revealed that the leaf extract consists of high phenolic compounds followed by total flavonoids and total tannin than the fruit extract. The total alkaloid was found to be higher in the fruit extract than the leaf extract. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer analysis of the leaves showed the presence of elements such as N, O, Cl, K, Ca, and C and fruits showed the presence of N, O, K, and C. The GC-MS analysis of P. campechiana leaf and fruit reveals the presence of 9 and 12 compounds, respectively. The results of the present study provide apparent information of the plant and also serve as an analytical tool for appropriate identification. Hence, this plant exhibits rich phytopharmaceutical importance.
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