Gestational diabetes mellitus having a great effect on the structure of the umbilical cord vessels can affect the hemodynamic in these vessels and bring variations in the anastomotic pattern of umbilical arteries and mode of umbilical cord insertion. Hyrtl's anastomotic pattern and its correlation to cord insertion has so far not been studied in umbilical cords of GDM mothers. Hence, a study on Hyrtl's anastomosis in GDM and normal pregnancy helps to understand the anatomy exhibited by the different groups and to add to the already existing quantum of knowledge. 59 GDM and 52 normal umbilical cords attached to placenta were procured from the operation theatre and labour room, department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of PK Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Palakkad. Our study reveals that the characteristics of Hyrtl's anastomosis differ in the umbilical cords of GDM mother from that of normal mothers by adopting anastomosis by branching pattern and there do not exists a correlation between the Hyrtl's anastomosis and cord insertion in both groups.Morphological study of Hyrtl's anastomosis in gestational diabetes mellitus and its relation to umbilical cord insertion.
The placenta is a feto-maternal organ which has a fetal part develops from the chorionic sac which is lined by amnion and completely covered by chorion with an attachment of the umbilical cord and maternal part from the endometrium. The current study was aimed to analyse the morphology and the morphometric measurements of hypertensive and normotensive placenta. Placentas of 40 hypertensive and 46 healthy women who attended antenatal clinic of the hospital regularly and delivered their babies in the same hospital were collected. Weight, diameter, thickness, surface area, volume and circumference, shape, umbilical cord insertion and membrane attachment of the placenta was assessed using standard methods mentioned in the literature. There is no significant differences present among the morphometric parameters of placenta. The study recommends further detailed and multi centered studies in this area to understand the correlation to plan better management programs for the benefit of pregnant women. We recommend further detailed studies in this area for better understanding of the condition and to plan adequate management methods for the benefit of women in general.
Background: A detailed Knowledge of these variations in motor branching patterns will help the surgeons when certain procedures are done for calf reduction and also when selective neurectomy is required. It is also required by the anesthetists to give neurolytic blocks. Subjects and Methods: 40 formalin-fixed lower limbs of adult human cadavers were selected. The origin of the tibial nerve, variations in a branching pattern, number of muscular branches given was studied by dissection. The Level of origin of these nerves was taken to the apex of the head of the fibula (AHF). Results: In 70 % of specimens the origin of the Tibial Nerve was < 12 cm and in 30 % it was between 12-24 cm above the level of AHF. In 10% of cases, the sural nerve originated from the nerve to the medial head of gastrocnemius (MHG). In 82.5% of specimens, the MHG received one branch from the tibial nerve and in 17.5% it received two branches. The lateral head of Gastrocnemius (LHG) received one branch from the tibial nerve. In 10%, there was a common branch for the LHG and the soleus muscle. 90% of specimens had one branch and 10% had two branches that supplied the soleus muscle. A single branch supplied the plantaris muscle. The popliteus muscle also received a single branch. Conclusion : The results in the study provide information that is required by the anatomists, surgeons, radiologists and anesthetists.
Diarid is an Ayurvedic antidiabetic drug. Questions and concerns are being raised nowadays on such Ayurveda formulations with their composition for safety aspects. Though, these are being used safely in without any noticeable untoward effects; there is a need to generate scientific evidence that these are safe and non-toxic. The drugs can usually be detoxified, but some of them can be bio activated become more toxic. The liver often the target organ, most toxicants enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract and after absorption they are carried by the hepatic portal vein in the liver. The toxicology of the liver is complicated by the variety of liver injuries and by the different mechanisms through which the injuries are induced. In the present study, the safety profile of Diarid is tested for acute toxicity, Diarid was administered at a maximal dose of 600 mg/kg to overnight fasted rats and observed closely for behavioural changes, signs of toxicity and mortality if any, continuously for the first six hours and thereafter periodically up to 45 days. Animals were sacrificed on the 46th day. Biochemical parameters and were studied in both serum and liver tissue. In acute toxicity, Diarid at the dose of 600 mg/kg did not produce any observable toxic effects or mortality. No pathological changes on different biochemical parameters in serum and liver homogenate. Based on these observations, it can be concluded that Diarid is safe at therapeutic dose levels.
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