A functional smart irrigation system with integrated GSM and Wi-Fi features that enables the farmer to remotely check soil moisture status as well as turn on and turn off the irrigation pump remotely, where necessary had been developed in this study. The system consists of a DC pump, a GSM module, moisture sensor, and the NodeMCU microcontroller. The prototype is essentially a mix of hardware module and software program and made up of several subunits. It behaves functions intelligently as a switching system being able to detect the moisture content level of the soil and then automatically irrigate the crop where the conditions are necessary. The motor is automatically turned ON or OFF in accordance with the soil moisture content level. The readings of the soil sensor are sent to a processing unit which generates graphs for analysis thereby helping the farmer make informed decisions.
A smart distributor system for controlling a micro grid has been developed in this work. The system switches ON different generators one after the other as the consumer load demand increases or switches them OFF one after the other as the consumer load decreases. This was achieved using a microcontroller, current and voltage transformer. The microcontroller was programmed using embedded C-language to communicate with the current and voltage transformers to give necessary output signals to activate or deactivate the generators. In this design, the maximum load demand of each generator was placed at 60W-100W (Generator 1), 100W-160W (Generator 2), 160W-220W (Generator 3), 220W-280W (Generator 4) and 280W-340W (Generator 5). The system was developed and tested by connecting seven 220V AC, 60W bulbs in parallel to the output of the generators. When the first generator having a capacity of 60KVA is switch ON, the Liquid Cristal Display (LCD) reads 0KVA meaning that no load is connected to the generator. As the generator is loaded by connecting each of the lamps to it, the LCD displays the total load connected to the generator. When the total load exceeds a certain amount (100W decided in this experiment as reflecting the maximum capacity of the first generator) the micro-controller sends a signal to activate another generator to accommodate the load demand. This system continues to automatically add generators to the grid as the load demand increases. Also, as the load connected to the generator decreases, the micro-controller sends signal to deactivate the generators one after the other.
Soil electrical properties are important parameters to be considered during the design of several electrical installations. This study gives an insight into the impact of crude oil contamination on the soil’s electrical behaviors and suitable remediation technique for the contaminated soil. Crude oil was spilled on the soil and this soil was thereafter remediated with poultry (organic) manure and NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer for a duration of 12 weeks; thereafter, some of the soil’s electrical properties (electrical dielectric constant, electrical conductivity and electrical resistivity) were measured in accordance with the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers standard guidelines. Results obtained revealed crude oil had negative impacts on the soil electrical properties; but the remediation agents alleviated these poor electrical properties of the contaminated soil samples. After the remediation programme, the dielectric constant of the contaminated soil treated with 0.5 kg manure (AXT 2) and 1 kg manure (AXT 3) declined by 56.38% and 47.21% respectively; while the contaminated soil treated with 200 g fertilizer (AXT 4) and 400 g fertilizer (AXT 5) declined by 57.49% and 64.54%respectively. The electrical conductivity of AXT 2, AXT 3, AXT 4 and AXT 5 soil samples increased by 46.48%, 50.89%, 32.84% and 41.70% respectively. Furthermore, the AXT 2, AXT 3, AXT 4 and AXT 5 electrical resistivity declined from 1362 Ωm to 579 Ωm, 1362 Ωm to 483 Ωm, 1362 Ωm to 719 Ωm, and 1362 Ωm to 594 Ωm respectively. This study’s revealed the relevance of remediating crude oil contaminated soil to preserve the electrical integrity of electrical installations.
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