In our paper we present a research framework, how the concept of evoting, as a complex info-communication technology innovation can potentially create social trust on an institutional level and political cohesion on a national level. In the centre of our argument will be the observation that the fluid borders between citizenship and nationality combined with mobility of inhabitants increase the demand for innovative voting solution supporting national elections. Also by developing this multifaceted research agenda we may find useful theoretical contribution to the field of e-democracy in general.
A sportesemények biztonságos lebonyolításának egyik garanciális eleme a rendezvények biztosítása, ami a hazai és nemzetközi sportélet egyik kiemelt feladata. A rendfenntartás, a biztonság megteremtése ugyanakkor napjainkban meglehetősen összetett, többszereplős feladat, melyben az állam elvesztette monopolhelyzetét a magánbiztonsági szektor megjelenésének köszönhetően. A (sport)rendezvények biztosításának garanciája pedig az erre kiképzett szakemberek feladata, melyhez elengedhetetlenül szükséges a megfelelő szintű és minőségű oktatás, az ágazatban foglalkoztatottak képzési háttérének megteremtése. A tanulmány arra mutat rá, hogy Magyarországon az intézményes szakmai képzések hiánya következtében a sportlétesítményekben megfelelő biztonsági ismeretekkel rendelkező szakemberek képzettsége messze elmarad a kívánatos szinttől. Felhívja a figyelmet arra, hogy a rendezvénybiztosítás szakmai minőségének alacsony színvonala a sport- és egyéb rendezvények tekintetében jelentős kockázati tényező, különösen egy olyan időszakban, amikor a vizsgált szektor – a jövőbeli fejlesztési irányokat tekintve – kiemelt prioritást élvez.
No abstract
Under democratic conditions, the enforcement of educational rights and obligations is one of the guarantees that the education and training system can fulfill its function effectively. In Hungary, the system of educational institutions and legal protection operating within the framework of the rule of law dates back to more than a quarter of a century, but experience in such a short period of time is significant. By presenting some of the rights and obligations related to public education, the paper gives the reader an idea of how a post-socialist country in Central and Eastern Europe operates its public education system and how it was able to adapt to European norms more than 30 years after the public law regime change. At the same time, this approach not only informs about the realization of the second-generation rights to education in Hungary, but also provides insight into the current direction of public education policy, for example through the issue of centralization-decentralization. Therefore, the study examines only those public education legal relations that are the most characteristic in terms of the presentation of the Hungarian system-in the opinion of the author-, and best reflect the public education conditions in Hungary.
Populism is by no means a legal term, and its conceptual matrix is unclear. Nevertheless, it remains a challenge for Public law, as populist trends challenge the notion of the rule of law and the formal mechanisms for the protection of fundamental rights. The European context illustrates this challenge. In this context, this contribution addresses three points: first, in general terms, the concept of populism is considered in its potential contacts with Public law issues; second, the cases of Poland and Hungary over the last decade are developed, highlighting their contexts and the way in which political and legal institutions, and more specifically constitutional courts, have been able to respond to populist trends. Finally, a concluding point discusses the lessons that can be drawn from these European cases, not only with regard to Poland and Hungary, but more broadly at the European and international levels. The article permits to identify the shortcomings of the instruments for the protection of fundamental rights, which are also the shortcomings of a still incomplete European Public law.
Talvez o mais importante para a saúde das pessoas seja um estilo de vida saudável. No desenvolvimento de um estilo de vida saudável, a educação para a saúde a todos os níveis de educação é decisiva. O estudo examina a forma como isto se aplica ao ensino superior num país da Europa Ocidental e num país da Europa Oriental. Através do exemplo de soluções específicas nas universidades, este artigo procura responder à questão de como integrar os conhecimentos necessários para escolher um estilo de vida saudável no sistema educativo. A investigação centra-se nos fatores que moldam a sensibilização para a saúde de uma instituição de ensino superior no dia-a-dia, na Hungria e em Portugal, e se - e se sim, como - a educação para a saúde aparece nas tarefas básicas das universidades examinadas, quer no ensino, quer na investigação. A importância deste estudo reside no facto de a presença da promoção da saúde nas instituições de ensino superior resultar, por um lado, em estudantes mais saudáveis que prosseguem uma vida mais saudável e, por outro lado, na mobilização do ambiente social mais vasto para um estilo de vida saudável.
In my paper I present the electoral transformation of the last three decades by considering the most important impulses and their effects. In doing so, I focus on a few essential elements that are considered to be decisive Hungarian and internationally in terms of both electoral science and election practice. Such are, among others, primarily the nomination system, internationalization of election, the electoral data protection or the evolution of electoral technology.
The operation of an educational system and its image are influenced by several factors, such as legal regulation, institutional system, forms of financing or enforcement of rights and obligations. The study attempts to give the reader an overview of some elements of educational relations in Hungary, and on the way it has shaped its Education system in the midst of its traditions and of the international expectations. Because of the scope limitations, the paper shall not focus on all the factors and contexts of Education rights, so the picture that it describes is far from complete. The first part of the article presents an overview of the educational background in Hungary. The second part looks at a range of educational rights and obligations, in order to examine those that are most characteristic and most closely reflect the educational conditions in Hungary. The last part of the article focuses on a specific educational legal protection mechanism, the Commissioner for Educational Rights.
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