Neuropeptide Y (NPY) controls energy homeostasis including orexigenic actions in mammalians and non-mammalians. Recently, NPY has attracted attention as a mediator of emotional behaviour and psychosomatic diseases. However, its functions are not fully understood. We established npy genedeficient (NPY-KO) zebrafish (Danio rerio) to assess the relationship between NPY and emotional behaviours. The NPY-KO zebrafish exhibited similar growth, but pomc and avp mRNA levels in the brain were higher as compared to wild-type fish. NPY-KO zebrafish exhibited several anxiety-like behaviours, such as a decrease in social interaction in mirror test and decreased locomotion in blackwhite test. The acute cold stress-treated NPY-KO zebrafish exhibited anxiety-like behaviours such as remaining stationary and swimming along the side of the tank in the mirror test. Moreover, expression levels of anxiety-associated genes (orx and cck) and catecholamine production (gr, mr, th1 and th2) were significantly higher in NPY-KO zebrafish than in wild-type fish. We demonstrated that NPY-KO zebrafish have an anxiety phenotype and a stress-vulnerability like NPY-KO mice, whereby orx and/or catecholamine signalling may be involved in the mechanism actions.

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NEU1 sialidase hydrolyzes sialic acids from glycoconjugates in lysosomes. Deficiency of NEU1 causes sialidosis with symptoms including facial dysmorphism, bone dysplasia, and neurodegeneration. However, the effects of NEU1 deficiency on emotional activity have not been explored. Here, we conducted the behavioral analysis using Neu1-knockout zebrafish (Neu1-KO). Neu1-KO zebrafish showed normal swimming similar to wild-type zebrafish (WT), whereas shoaling was decreased and accompanied by greater inter-fish distance than WT zebrafish. The aggression test showed a reduced aggressive behavior in Neu1-KO zebrafish than in WT zebrafish. In the mirror and 3-chambers test, Neu1-KO zebrafish showed more interest toward the opponent in the mirror and multiple unfamiliar zebrafish, respectively, than WT zebrafish. Furthermore, Neu1-KO zebrafish also showed increased interaction with different fish species, whereas WT zebrafish avoided them. In the black–white preference test, Neu1-KO zebrafish showed an abnormal preference for the white region, whereas WT zebrafish preferred the black region. Neu1-KO zebrafish were characterized by a downregulation of the anxiety-related genes of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and upregulation of lamp1a, an activator of lysosomal exocytosis, with their brains accumulating several sphingoglycolipids. This study revealed that Neu1 deficiency caused abnormal emotional behavior in zebrafish, possibly due to neuronal dysfunction induced by lysosomal exocytosis.

Recent studies suggest that Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with particular personality traits. Using Cloningers's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), Menza and colleagues [1993: Neurology 43:505-508] reported a possible association between PD and a reduced score in the novelty seeking (NS) dimension of the TPQ. We sought to determine whether this association, which was found in a study conducted in the United States, could also be found among Japanese PD patients. We performed personality assessments of 67 Japanese PD patients, using the TPQ test. The results suggest that Japanese PD patients have significantly lower scores in the NS dimension of the TPQ, as well as significantly higher harm avoidance (HA) scores, compared with matched control subjects. Furthermore, the PD patients undergoing treatment for depression using antidepressant drugs scored significantly higher in the HA dimension than PD patients who did not receive antidepressant drug treatment. Our results suggest that the high HA score, and the low NS score in the TPQ test observed in patients with PD, is a cross-cultural phenomenon, although the influence of depression, long-term treatment, and premorbid gene/environmental interactions may also affect these personality traits. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 96:1-3, 2000.

A 67-year-old womanwith a one-year history of tinnitus and headache had multiple cranial nerve palsies ofV, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and spastic paraparesis. She also had a secretory otitis media. Gd-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed hypertrophy of the dura of the posterior fossa and spinal epidural mass which extended from C7 to T10. A biopsy of the epidural mass showed chronic granulomatous change. These lesions were completely cured with administration of antibiotics. Webelieve this case of double-lesion ofhypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis and spinal epidural granulomatous lesion originated from a bacterial infection secondary to the secretory otitis media. (Internal Medicine 34: 806-810, 1995)

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