17In this study, we determined upper limb joint torques during performances of kicking pullover. 18Kinematics and bar reaction forces (BRFs) were measured during successful kicking pullovers 19 by 10 healthy adult males, with the horizontal bar set at 75% to the individual subject's heights. 20Sagittal plane analyses using an 11-segment link model were performed between the period 21 from takeoff to the upside-down position. Large extension torques of elbows and shoulders of 22 both arms were observed (1.01 ± 0.14 and 2.08 ± 0.30 Nm/kg as the sum of bilateral arms,

The purpose of this study was to clarify the mechanisms and techniques of one-leg swing type takeoffs for acquiring vertical and angular momentums of backward rotation. The kinematics were measured for successful kicking pullovers performed by 12 adult males. Using a 12-segment rigid body link model, the contributions of each body parts to the vertical and angular momentums, the kinematics of both leg joints, and the accelerations of the body parts relative to hip joint of the support leg during the takeoff phase were calculated. The swing leg accelerated away from the ground during the takeoff phase, and was responsible for 64% of the vertical momentum and 43% of the angular momentum of the whole body at takeoff. The hip joint of the support leg extended to the limit of the range of motion at takeoff, achieving both an increase in ground contact time and a backward rotation of the trunk. We concluded that the

The purpose of this study was to clarify the differences between successful and unsuccessful kicking pullovers in elementary school children. Successful (n=12) and unsuccessful (n=13) kicking pullovers by elementary school children having an approximate age of 10 years using 1 m high horizontal bars were captured, and sagittal plane analyses at 60 Hz were performed using a rigid body link model. The shoulder joint angles were kept constant in the successful movements, whereas those were steadily flexed in the unsuccessful movements after the takeoff. The successful movements had smaller forward velocity of the center of mass (CoM) at takeoff, because of the larger decrease in the forward velocity during the takeoff phase. The angle of the swing leg thigh during the takeoff phase was highly correlated with this change in velocity. In successful movements, the thigh was more downward at touchdown, with the trunk upright and the hip joint of the swing leg largely extended. These results suggest that the downward swing leg in the successful movements allowed for larger and faster swinging during the takeoff phase, resulting in a larger backward reaction force impulse from the ground and decrease in the forward velocity of the CoM. This decreased velocity helps to pull the body towards the bar with upper limb joint torques after the takeoff. Therefore, guiding children to touch down in a posture with the trunk upright and the hip joint of the swing leg fully extended would be effective.