β-Cyano-alanine synthase (CAS; EC 4.4.1.9) plays an important role in cyanide metabolism in plants. Although the enzymatic activity of β-cyano-Ala synthase has been detected in a variety of plants, no cDNA or gene has been identified so far. We hypothesized that the mitochondrial cysteine synthase (CS; EC 4.2.99.8) isoform, Bsas3, could actually be identical to CAS in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Arabidopsis. An Arabidopsis expressed sequence tag database was searched for putative Bsas3homologs and four new CS-like isoforms, ARAth;Bsas1;1,ARAth;Bsas3;1, ARAth;Bsas4;1, andARAth;Bsas4;2, were identified in the process. ARAth;Bsas3;1 protein was homologous to the mitochondrial SPIol;Bsas3;1 isoform from spinach, whereas ARAth;Bsas4;1 and ARAth;Bsas4;2 proteins defined a new class within the CS-like proteins family. In contrast to spinach SPIol;Bsas1;1 and SPIol;Bsas2;1 recombinant proteins, spinach SPIol;Bsas3;1 and Arabidopsis ARAth;Bsas3;1 recombinant proteins exhibited preferred substrate specificities for the CAS reaction rather than for the CS reaction, which identified these Bsas3 isoforms as CAS. Immunoblot studies supported this conclusion. This is the first report of the identification of CAS synthase-encoding cDNAs in a living organism. A new nomenclature for CS-like proteins in plants is also proposed.
Aim: We aimed to clarify the relationship between assertiveness and burnout among nurse managers at university hospitals. Methods: The directors at three university hospitals agreed to cooperate with our study. During a onemonth period from May to June 2007, a self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 203 nurse managers (head and sub-head nurses). The Japanese version of the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (J-RAS) and the Japanese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were used as scales. Burnout was operationally defined as a total MBI score in the highest tertile. Results: Valid responses were obtained from 172 nurse managers. The mean J-RAS score of the burnout group (-14.3) was significantly lower than that of the non-burnout group (-3.3). Responses about work experience and age showed no significant group difference. Total MBI score was inversely correlated with J-RAS score (R = -0.30, P < 0.01). Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated a decrease in the risk of burnout by 26% (0.74 times) for every 10 point increase in the J-RAS score, and by 60% (0.40 times) for greater satisfaction with own care provision. Conclusions:The results suggest that increasing assertiveness and satisfaction with own care provision contributes to preventing burnout among Japanese nurse managers.
Aims: To determine phylogenetic groups of clostridia inhabiting the mouse intestine that are essential for normalization of germfree (GF) mice. Methods and Results: Using both the culture method and cloning, clostridia inhabiting the mouse intestine were isolated, and phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences was carried out. As a result, the isolates were found to have novel sequences, and no isolate was determined to be identical to previously known identified clostridia. Although the taxonomy of mouse intestinal clostridia was complex, many of them belonged to Clostridium clusters XIVa and IV in conventional (CV) and limited flora mice and ex‐germfree mice administered chloroform‐treated CV mouse faeces. The clostridia that belonged to cluster XIVa were most often present and showed the highest diversity. Conclusions: Clostridia belonging clusters XIVa and IV are dominant in the mouse intestine as in other gut ecosystems. The novel groups in these clusters are essential for normalization of GF mice. Significance and Impact of the Study: The results of this study can be applied in the strict control of mouse intestinal microbiota and will provide important information for normalization of GF mice and also for research on microbiology of the mouse intestine.
The influence of microbubbles on sonochemical efficiencies has been investigated under 28, 45, and 100 kHz ultrasound irradiation. For the 28 and 100 kHz ultrasound frequencies, microbubbles suppressed the I3(-) formation from KI solution as well as the 7-hydroxycoumarin formation from coumarin solution caused by the ultrasonic irradiation. On the other hand, for the 45 kHz ultrasound frequency, microbubbles enhanced the I3(-) formation from KI solution as well as 7-hydroxycoumarin formation from coumarin solution caused by the ultrasonic irradiation. Detection of H2O2 after the irradiation of ultrasound in the presence or absence of microbubbles was also performed, and it was found that H2O2 formation was enhanced only when microbubbles were introduced under the 45 kHz ultrasonic irradiation, which was in good agreement with the results of KI oxidation dosimetry measurements and of coumarin fluorescent probe measurements. Based on these present results, plausible mechanisms that explain the dependence of the ultrasound frequency on the enhancement and suppression of free radical formation in the presence of MBs were proposed.
The presence of two types of /^-cyanoalanine synfhase in germinating seeds and fheir responses to ethylene. -Physiol. Plant. 93: 71.3-718.Germinafine seeds of many species contain fwo fypes of /i-cyanoalanine synthase (CAS. EC 4.4.1.9) thaf conveii HCN fo /?-cyanoa'lanine. One is cyfoplasmic CAS (cyt-C.AS), which is precipitated by 50 lo 609r (NHai^SO^ and has a pH optimum of 10.5. Cvtoplasmic C.^S is present at high levels in dry seed and its activity does nof increase during imbibition. The activity ot cyt-CAS is uot affected by exogenously applied efhylene (CjHji. except in riee (Or\~a sativa cv. Sasanishiki). The second fype of CAS ftiuud in seed is mitochondrial CAS (mit-CAS I. which is precipifated by 60 fo 1()''« (NHjl:SO4 and has a pH optimum of 9.5. Mitochondrial CAS is present at low levels iu dry seed, and its activity increases greatly during imbibition in the seeds of ali species fested. Exposure fo C:H^ stimulated mit-C.i^S activity in seeds of rice, barley (Hordeum yidgare cy, Hadakamugii, cucumber (Cucumis satiyus cv. Kagafushinari) and cocklebur {Xanihhmi pennsyhamcum). The increase in fhe mit-CAS activity in cocklebur in response to C^Hj ccmimeticed after a fag period of 2 to 3 h when fhe duration of soaking was short (16 hi. but commenced without a lag period when fhe seeds were soaked lor Ihree mouths. Application ot bofh chioramphenicol aud cycloheximide to the axial and eotyledonary tissues of cocklebur seeds strongly inhibifed growth as well as fhe increase in mit-CAS acfivity. It is postulated fhal the mit-CAS is syuthesized de noi-o dtiring imbibition and thai ifs acfivity is regulated by C;H4. CO;, vvhich also promotes seed genninatiou in some species. v»as ineffective in stimulating tnif-C.AS activity iu cocklebur seeds.
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