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Multiply charged Xe ions produced through photoionization of a 3d electron have been measured using the coincidence technique. The coincidence measurement between the energy-selected Auger electron and ions specifies the individual Auger decay channels for the various multiply charged ions. It has been found that only quadruply charged ions are formed through the Auger decays of M45N45N45 type. The M45N23N45 Auger decays predominantly yield Xe5+. These findings indicate that most Xe ions produced through the initial M45 Auger transitions turn into the highest charge state between energetically accessible states through subsequent successive Auger decays. However, in the M45N1N45 and M45N23N23 decays the intensity ratio of Xe5+ with Xe6+ depends on the energy level of the Auger final states. The highly charged ions, Xe7+ and Xe8+, are produced through the initial Auger shake processes from the 3d hole states. Dedicated to the distinguished contributions to soft x-ray photochemistry research by Professor Inosuke Koyano of the Himeji Institute of Technology on the occasion of his 65th birthday.

The UV protection and singlet oxygen quenching of aloesaponarin I have been studied by means of laser spectroscopy. The excited-state intramolecular proton transfer that provides the UV protection takes place along only one of the molecule's two intramolecular hydrogen bonds, and this can be understood by considering the nodal pattern of the wave function. The functional groups participating in the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer also play important roles in the singlet oxygen quenching. Aloesaponarin I has a quenching rate constant larger than that of vitamin E and has a long duration of action due to its resistance to UV degradation and chemical attacks by singlet oxygen and free radicals.

Multiple-charged Kr ions have been studied using monochromatized synchrotron radiation combined with a coincidence technique. The multiple-charged ions formed through ionization of the inner sub-shells were detected by a time-of-flight mass analyser and the photoelectrons emitted from those orbitals were observed by a cylindrical mirror electron energy analyser. The coincidence measurement between the energy-selected photoelectron and the photoion specified the individual multiple ionization channels of Kr. The Kr 3d ionization produces doubly and triply charged ions. The Kr 3p ionization mainly yields triply charged Kr ions via M23M45N23 Coster–Kronig decays, and the M23M45N1 decays generate considerably quadruply charged ions. The 3s ionization significantly produces quadruply charged ions via super-Coster–Kronig decays with successive Auger transitions.

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