The introduction of ferromagnetic order in ZnO results in a transparent piezoelectric ferromagnet and further expands its already wide range of applications into the emerging field of spintronics. Through an analysis of density functional calculations we determine the nature of magnetic interactions for transition metals doped ZnO and develop a physical picture based on hybridization, superexchange, and double exchange that captures chemical trends. We identify a crucial role of defects in the observed weak and preparation sensitive ferromagnetism in ZnO:Mn and ZnO:Co. We predict and explain co-doping of Li and Zn interstitials to both yield ferromagnetism in ZnO:Co, in contrast with earlier insights, and verify it experimentally.

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The authors present a model that maps competitive market structures by identifying the preference structure of each consumer segment. By marrying two different data types—switching probabilities and attribute ratings—their model divides a market into several homogeneous sub-markets in which consumers consider a distinctive subset of brands (consideration set or competitive group) with a segment-specific rule for attribute evaluations and a segment-specific ideal point. Using data published in Harshman and colleagues’ (1982) work, the authors examine the U. S. car market and find brand-loyal segments for all car types except those favored by first-time buyers, a universal market, and five switching segments that consider car groups differing in the nation of origin, size, and luxury level. Breaking the switching segment into finer partitions gives a better account of the data than the Colombo-Morrison model or an asymmetric generalization of that model. The authors advocate the development of marketing goals with respect to each of the segment maps in the hope that it will lead to more synergistic marketing strategies for brands encountering multifaceted competition.

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Fish farming using net pens has become very widespread in the coastal areas of various countries in the sediment and to prevent further progress of the organic enrichment of the sediment below the fish farm.

Abstract:(In 1-x Fe x ) 2 O 3 polycrystalline samples with x = (0. 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25) have been synthesized by a gel combustion method. Reitveld refinement analysis of X ray diffraction data indicated the formation of single phase cubic bixbyite structure without any parasitic phases. This observation is further confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging, and indexing of the selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns, X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) and Raman Spectroscopy. DC Magnetization studies as a function of temperature and field indicate that they are ferromagnetic with Curie temperature (T C ) well above room temperature. a Corresponding author Email: ikgopal@barc.gov.in

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