* This is an extensively revised version of the paper that appeared in JELS 30 (Arano (2013a)), which was presented at the 30th meeting of the English Linguistic Society of Japan, held at Keio University on November 10-11, 2012. I am very grateful to Yoshiaki Kaneko, Etsuro Shima, and anonymous reviewers for their invaluable comments and suggestions. I am also indebted to Shin-Ichi Kitada, Taichi Nakamura, Hiroyuki Nawata, Takashi Shizawa, Kensuke Takita, Tozawa Takahiro, and Keiichi Yamanaka for their helpful comments and discussions. My special gratitude goes to my informants. All remaining errors and inadequacies are of course my own.
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